---
title: "Do I know what I want to say? Modeling meaning — Wang 2026"
description: "Work in the Rational Speech Act (RSA) framework usually assumes that the first-level speaker knows exactly which meaning they intend to convey."
authors: ["Anzi Wang", "Carolyn Jane Anderson", "Grusha Prasad"]
year: 2026
venue: "Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics 2026"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2026.scil-main.29/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/2026.scil-main.29"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wang-2026-do-i-know-what-i/"
---
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# Do I know what I want to say? Modeling meaning uncertainty in RSA

**Authors:** Anzi Wang, [Carolyn Jane Anderson](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/carolyn-jane-anderson/), Grusha Prasad · **Institutions:** [Northwestern University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/northwestern-university/) · [Colgate University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/colgate-university/) · Wellesley College · Northwestern University · **Year:** 2026 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics 2026 · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2026.scil-main.29/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2026.scil-main.29.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/2026.scil-main.29](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.scil-main.29) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W7166857979)

**Citations:** 0 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14)

## Summary
Work in the Rational Speech Act (RSA) framework usually assumes that the first-level speaker knows exactly which meaning they intend to convey. The authors argue that this often fails in experiments where participants describe images, because how people perceive or interpret the stimulus can leave the intended meaning fuzzy. They propose um-RSA, an extension that converts observed meanings into a distribution over intended meanings using a weight matrix W O→I. The framework can encode any hypothesis about meaning uncertainty.

As a case study, they model two sources of uncertainty:

* **Counting-Uncertainty:** approximate number perception.
* **Discounting-Uncertainty:** downweighting low-probability, high-impact events.

The models predict that discounting should raise the use of more confident expressions (bare *not*, *probably*) relative to *might*, a contrast that standard RSA does not produce. Two within-subject human experiments, comparing gumball machines with election forecasts, matched this prediction. The effect remained when images were replaced with text, which points to discounting rather than counting as the driver. The work shows that modeling speaker-side meaning uncertainty explains production patterns that plain RSA misses.

## Key points
- um-RSA inserts a W O→I matrix that maps observed meanings onto intended meanings. It can be applied before pragmatic reasoning (committed speaker model) or after it (uncommitted speaker model). The two variants gave qualitatively similar predictions in this setup.
- The modeling covers a pragmatic speaker S1 reasoning about a literal listener L0. Predictions are made for three utterances: bare *not*, *might* and *probably*.
- **Experiment 1 (images):** participants chose *probably* and bare *not* more often for election predictions than for gumball machines.
- **Experiment 2 (text descriptions):** removing the need for numerical approximation left the same qualitative pattern, supporting Discounting-Uncertainty as the explanation.
- **Resources:** code, data and analyses are released at github.com/anziw/uncertainty-exp.
- **Future directions:**
  - testing committed vs. uncommitted models by manipulating utterance cost;
  - extending the approach to listeners;
  - learning W O→I weights.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/linguistics/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{wang2026do,
  title = {{Do I know what I want to say? Modeling meaning uncertainty in RSA}},
  author = {Wang, Anzi and Anderson, Carolyn Jane and Prasad, Grusha},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics 2026},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2026.scil-main.29},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.scil-main.29}
}
```

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