---
title: "Emoji semantics/pragmatics: investigating commitment and lying"
description: "The paper asks how directly emoji carry speaker meaning. 33 references, cited by 2 papers here."
authors: ["Benjamin Weissman"]
year: 2022
venue: "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Emoji Understanding and Applications in Social Media"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2022.emoji-1.3/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/2022.emoji-1.3"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/weissman-2022-emoji-semantics-pragmatics-investigating-commitment/"
---
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# Emoji semantics/pragmatics: investigating commitment and lying

**Authors:** Benjamin Weissman · **Year:** 2022 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Emoji Understanding and Applications in Social Media · **Publisher:** [Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/association-for-computational-linguistics/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2022.emoji-1.3/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2022.emoji-1.3.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/2022.emoji-1.3](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.emoji-1.3) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4287887074)

**Citations:** 5 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [2](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/weissman-2022-emoji-semantics-pragmatics-investigating-commitment/cited-by/) in our library, of the 141,840 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The paper asks how directly emoji carry speaker meaning. It uses two pragmatic diagnostics: whether a sender counts as *committed* to what a single emoji conveys, and whether a false, deceptive emoji counts as a *lie*. Free-response pretests measured how much people agree on each emoji's meaning. From these, the author picked two sets of 20. One set held concrete objects, foods and animals, all with high agreement. The other held facial-expression and gesture emoji with widely varying agreement. In Experiment 1, Prolific participants rated text-message exchanges where the reply was one emoji, judging commitment and deniability. Experiment 2 added context that made the reply true or false, with a motive to deceive, and compared emoji replies against word replies. Concrete emoji produced strong commitment and could count as lies. For expressive emoji, commitment and lie ratings rose with meaning agreement. Emoji overall were judged less of a lie than equivalent words, and the gap was larger for expressive ones. The conclusion is that an emoji's contribution to meaning depends on how conventionalized or lexicalized it is, not on emoji as a single category.

## Key points
- Pretests:
  - Non-expressive set: 80 emoji rated by 49 participants. The 20 chosen all had agreement above 0.75, with a mean of 0.88.
  - Expressive set: 75 emoji rated by 28 participants. The 20 chosen averaged 0.62 and ranged from 0.25 to 0.96.
- Experiment 1 (100 participants):
  - On a 1–7 scale, commitment averaged 6.09 for non-expressive emoji and 5.17 for expressive ones (linear mixed effects model, F(1,99) = 114.2).
  - Within the expressive set, pretest agreement significantly predicted commitment.
- Experiment 2 (202 recruited, 195 kept after filler-based exclusion):
  - Emoji replies were rated as lies less strongly than word replies.
  - The word–emoji gap was larger for expressive items, a reported type × presentation interaction.
- Across experiments, expressive emoji with higher Experiment 1 commitment received higher Experiment 2 lie ratings (F(1,432) = 15.13).
- Design details:
  - Each participant saw 4 counterbalanced lists of 20 items, half expressive and half non-expressive.
  - Experiment 1 mixed matching and mismatching target meanings.
  - Experiment 2 crossed true/false context with word/emoji presentation.

## Interesting ideas
- Commitment can be treated as a graded quantity that tracks how conventional a form is, rather than a yes/no property of a whole category (emoji versus words).
- A false statement counts as a lie only when the speaker is committed to its content; otherwise it is merely misleading.
- Meaning agreement can be measured from free-text glosses: synonyms are binned together, near-neighbours like "happy" and "smiling" are kept apart, and the top bin's share becomes the score.
- Each experiment includes mismatching-meaning fillers that should score near the floor, plus a matched word-versus-emoji condition. These provide built-in sanity checks and a baseline.
- Two complementary questions, one direct ("did I commit?") and one inverted ("could I deny it?"), are merged into one score. This makes the judgement more stable.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (frames): `prag` could attach a commitment strength to each speech-act frame, based on the conventionality of the carrying form. Implicatures and ambiguous symbols would then receive weaker speaker commitment than literal, lexicalized wording.
- **I2** (frames): the deception/irony module could separate "lied" from "misled" by checking whether the false proposition was asserted directly or only implicated.
- **I3** (tokens): emoji and other symbol lexicon entries could store such an agreement score. Downstream stages could then tell how much interpretive weight a symbol can bear.
- **I4** (learn): pragmatic evaluations could pair every probe with a deliberately wrong reading and a plain-word control. This would catch a model that rates everything as committed.
- **I5** (answer): commitment-related QA checks could ask the reader both the positive and the negated question and require consistent answers.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

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## Cite

Cite as: Benjamin Weissman. 2022. Emoji semantics/pragmatics: investigating commitment and lying. Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Emoji Understanding and Applications in Social Media.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{weissman2022emoji,
  title = {{Emoji semantics/pragmatics: investigating commitment and lying}},
  author = {Benjamin Weissman},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Emoji Understanding and Applications in Social Media},
  year = {2022},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2022.emoji-1.3},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.emoji-1.3}
}
```

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## References

33 references, 0 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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33. Yang, X., & Liu, M. (2021). The pragmatics of text-emoji co-occurrences on Chinese social media. Pragmatics, 31(1), 144–172. Emoji Meaning Agreement 😡 🤪 😎 😮 🥳 🤐 😘 😇 😐 😁 😭 😫 🥱 😨 😰 😶 😬 😑 💁‍♀️ 🥴 angry silly cool shocked celebrate lips are sealed kiss angel neutral happy crying upset tired afraid stressed no words cringe annoyed sassy goofy .964 .964 .893 .857 .786 .786 .750 .750 .679 .643 .643 .571 .536 .500 .429 .429 .358 .286 .286 .250 *Table 1: expressive emoji used in both experiments* [↗](https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.18018.yan)

*Updated 24 October 2026*