---
title: "Generating Tailored, Comparative Descriptions with Contextually"
description: "The authors present FLIGHTS, a flight-information generator where the user's preferences guide… 80 references, cited by 10 papers here."
authors: ["Michael White", "Robert A. J. Clark", "Johanna D. Moore"]
year: 2010
venue: "Computational Linguistics"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/J10-2001/"
doi: "10.1162/coli.2010.09-023-r1-08-002"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/white-2010-generating-tailored-comparative-descriptions-contextually/"
---
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# Generating Tailored, Comparative Descriptions with Contextually Appropriate Intonation

**Authors:** [Michael White](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/michael-white/), Robert A. J. Clark and [Johanna D. Moore](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/johanna-d-moore/) · **Year:** 2010 · **Venue:** [Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/cl/) ([Computational Linguistics 2010](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/cl/2010/)) · **Publisher:** [The MIT Press](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/the-mit-press/) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/J10-2001/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/J10-2001.pdf) · [DOI 10.1162/coli.2010.09-023-r1-08-002](https://doi.org/10.1162/coli.2010.09-023-r1-08-002) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2168814553)

**Citations:** 28 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [10](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/white-2010-generating-tailored-comparative-descriptions-contextually/cited-by/) in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Spoken dialogue systems usually list every matching option in turn. In the DARPA Communicator evaluation, this presentation stage was the biggest contributor to dialogue length, and it also strains users' memory. The authors present FLIGHTS, a flight-information generator where the user's preferences guide every step of output production.

A multi-attribute decision model ranks the available flights. The system then mentions the top flight plus only those alternatives that offer a genuine trade-off, along with the attributes that matter for the decision. Because the presentation strategy is organised around these trade-offs, it directly yields both information structure (theme/rheme) and the content of referring expressions.

During surface realization in OpenCCG, Combinatory Categorial Grammar turns information structure into pitch accents and edge tones, and n-gram models decide phrase boundaries. The resulting prosodic markup steers a unit selection synthesizer.

Experts found the generated prosody significantly more acceptable than baseline n-gram predictions. Listeners rated the markup-driven voice as more natural than two baseline voices. Overall, the work shows that connecting content planning to intonation improves spoken, preference-tailored comparisons.

## Key points
- FLIGHTS integrates four components in a single pipeline: decision-theoretic user models, strategic content planning, prosody-aware CCG realization (OpenCCG) and unit selection synthesis.
- The approach is illustrated with three hypothetical user models (Student, Frequent Flyer, Business Class) choosing flights from Edinburgh to Brussels. Each model yields different selected flights, referring expressions, aggregation, scalar terms and discourse cues such as "but" and "though".
- The mapping from themes/rhemes to intonational phrases is one-to-many. Rules from the grammar are combined with data-driven n-gram choices about the type and placement of edge tones.
- Evaluation had three parts: an expert prosody assessment (with ToBI annotations supplied by an expert), a listener perception test against two baseline unit selection voices, and an f0 analysis of theme phrases. All three favoured the generator-driven intonation.
- One stated limitation concerns general-purpose voices: a Festival APML voice would need markup for the 2,000–3,000 out-of-domain utterances in its core database. The authors suggest a simplified annotation scheme as a way forward.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

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## Cite

Cite as: Michael White, Robert A. J. Clark and Johanna D. Moore. 2010. Generating Tailored, Comparative Descriptions with Contextually Appropriate Intonation. Computational Linguistics.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@article{white2010generating,
  title = {{Generating Tailored, Comparative Descriptions with Contextually Appropriate Intonation}},
  author = {Michael White, Robert A. J. Clark and Johanna D. Moore},
  journal = {Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2010},
  doi = {10.1162/coli.2010.09-023-r1-08-002},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/coli.2010.09-023-r1-08-002}
}
```

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## References

80 references, 6 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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*Updated 30 October 2026*