---
title: "EpiGator: An Event-based Surveillance System for — Wu 2026"
description: "EpiGator, from the University of Helsinki, is an event-based surveillance (EBS) system for spotting infectious disease outbreaks in global, multilingual…"
authors: ["Yiheng Wu", "Jue Hou", "Trangcasanchai Sathianpong", "Lidia Pivovarova", "Roman Yangarber"]
year: 2026
venue: "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2026.lrec-1.614/"
doi: "10.63317/5jrha624xs52"
licence: "CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wu-2026-epigator-event-based-surveillance-system/"
---
[Elamur Research](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wu-2026-epigator-event-based-surveillance-system/)

[home](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [papers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/) / [2026](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2026/page/6/) / EpiGator: An Event-based Surveillance System for Infectious Disease Outbreaks

# EpiGator: An Event-based Surveillance System for Infectious Disease Outbreaks

**Authors:** [Yiheng Wu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/yiheng-wu/), [Jue Hou](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jue-hou/), Trangcasanchai Sathianpong, [Lidia Pivovarova](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/lidia-pivovarova/), [Roman Yangarber](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/roman-yangarber/) · **Year:** 2026 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Fifteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2026.lrec-1.614/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2026.lrec-1.614.pdf) · [DOI 10.63317/5jrha624xs52](https://doi.org/10.63317/5jrha624xs52) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W7160091977)

**Citations:** 0 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14)

## Summary
EpiGator, from the University of Helsinki, is an event-based surveillance (EBS) system for spotting infectious disease outbreaks in global, multilingual news streams. Earlier tools such as PULS and MedISys relied on rules and ontologies, which are accurate but costly to maintain and hard to extend to new languages. The authors replace much of that machinery with LLMs while reusing existing knowledge bases and curated outputs. The pipeline works in four stages. Keyword-based data filtering is followed by relevance classification with fine-tuned LLMs. Zero-shot information extraction then normalizes event features and groups articles about the same outbreak. Finally, instruction-tuned models produce multi-document summaries. Input arrives through the Europe Media Monitor at about 10,000 articles per day. There are no gold annotations, so the system is evaluated against expert-written Communicable Disease Threats Reports (CDTR) from ECDC, using semantic coverage checks and a retrospective fact check. EpiGator matched about 75% of ECDC outbreak sub-reports. It also offers a real-time user interface, which could reduce manual monitoring effort for public health analysts.

## Key points
- The four-stage pipeline covers data filtering, LLM relevance filtering, event extraction with clustering, and summarization. Separate relevance, semantic and fact checks are run semi-manually and only for evaluation.
- The input comes from EMM-collected multilingual news and public-health sites, averaging around 10,000 articles daily. Most of these articles are irrelevant to outbreaks.
- Semantic coverage of ground-truth documents by the generated summaries rises from 64.19% for single summaries to 68.97% when pooled. It reaches 71.21% for filtered, deduplicated groups.
- In the fact check, 51 of 68 ECDC CDTR sub-reports were matched by EpiGator summaries, which the authors report as 75% recall. The paper counts 15 as unmatched, so the figures do not fully add up.
- The authors flag limitations of using ECDC reports as ground truth: an EU-centric bias, unstated sources, and references to past events. Planned future work includes QA- or IE-based checks of summary accuracy and summaries at city or continent level.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/linguistics/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{wu2026epigator,
  title = {{EpiGator: An Event-based Surveillance System for Infectious Disease Outbreaks}},
  author = {Wu, Yiheng and Hou, Jue and Sathianpong, Trangcasanchai and Pivovarova, Lidia and Yangarber, Roman},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.63317/5jrha624xs52},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.63317/5jrha624xs52}
}
```

- [← previous Entropy-aware Masking for Masked Language Modeling](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/srinivasagan-2026-entropy-aware-masking-masked-language/)
- [next → eSciBench: An Extensible Scientific PDF Extraction Benchmark](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/taillon-2026-escibench-extensible-scientific-pdf-extraction/)
- [↑ back to papers of 2026](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2026/page/6/)

## References

36 references, 7 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

1. Auss Abbood, Alexander Ullrich, Rüdiger Busche, and Stéphane Ghozzi. 2020. EventEpi—A natural language processing framework for event-based surveillance. PLoS computational biology, 16(11):e1008277. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Auss+Abbood%2C+Alexander+Ullrich%2C+R%C3%BCdiger+Busche%2C+and+St%C3%A9phane+Ghozzi%2E+2020%2E+EventEpi%E2%80%94A+natural+language+processing+framework+for+event%2Dbased+surveillance%2E+PLoS+computational+biology%2C+16%2811%29%3Ae1008277%2E)
2. Monica Agrawal, Stefan Hegselmann, Hunter Lang, Yoon Kim, and David Sontag. 2022. Large language models are few-shot clinical information extractors. arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.12689. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Monica+Agrawal%2C+Stefan+Hegselmann%2C+Hunter+Lang%2C+Yoon+Kim%2C+and+David+Sontag%2E+2022%2E+Large+language+models+are+few%2Dshot+clinical+information+extractors%2E+arXiv+preprint+arXiv%3A2205%2E12689%2E)
3. Martin Atkinson, Jakub Piskorski, Erik van der Goot, and Roman Yangarber. 2011. Multilingual real-time event extraction for border security intelligence gathering. In U. Kock Wiil, editor, Counterterrorism and Open Source Intelligence, pages 355–390. Springer Lecture Notes in Social Networks, Vol. 2… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Martin+Atkinson%2C+Jakub+Piskorski%2C+Erik+van+der+Goot%2C+and+Roman+Yangarber%2E+2011%2E+Multilingual+real%2Dtime+event+extraction+for+border+security+intelligence+gathering%2E+In+U%2E+Kock+Wiil%2C+editor%2C+Counterterr)
4. Philippe Barboza, Laetitia Vaillant, Abla Mawudeku, Noele P Nelson, David M Hartley, Lawrence C Madoff, Jens P Linge, Nigel Collier, John S Brownstein, and Roman Yangarber. 2013. Evaluation of epidemic intelligence systems integrated in the early alerting and reporting project for the detection of A… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Philippe+Barboza%2C+Laetitia+Vaillant%2C+Abla+Mawudeku%2C+Noele+P+Nelson%2C+David+M+Hartley%2C+Lawrence+C+Madoff%2C+Jens+P+Linge%2C+Nigel+Collier%2C+John+S+Brownstein%2C+and+Roman+Yangarber%2E+2013%2E+Evaluation+of+epidemi)
5. Catarina G. Belem, Pouya Pezeshkpour, Hayate Iso, Seiji Maekawa, Nikita Bhutani, and Estevam Hruschka. 2025. From single to multi: How LLMs hallucinate in multi-document summarization. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Catarina+G%2E+Belem%2C+Pouya+Pezeshkpour%2C+Hayate+Iso%2C+Seiji+Maekawa%2C+Nikita+Bhutani%2C+and+Estevam+Hruschka%2E+2025%2E+From+single+to+multi%3A+How+LLMs+hallucinate+in+multi%2Ddocument+summarization%2E)
6. Sangeeta Bhatia, Britta Lassmann, Emily Cohn, Angel N Desai, Malwina Carrion, Moritz UG Kraemer, Mark Herringer, John Brownstein, Larry Madoff, and Anne Cori. 2021. Using digital surveillance tools for near real-time mapping of the risk of infectious disease spread. NPJ digital medicine, 4(1):73. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Sangeeta+Bhatia%2C+Britta+Lassmann%2C+Emily+Cohn%2C+Angel+N+Desai%2C+Malwina+Carrion%2C+Moritz+UG+Kraemer%2C+Mark+Herringer%2C+John+Brownstein%2C+Larry+Madoff%2C+and+Anne+Cori%2E+2021%2E+Using+digital+surveillance+tools+fo)
7. Nigel Collier, Son Doan, Ai Kawazoe, Reiko Matsuda Goodwin, Mike Conway, Yoshio Tateno, Quoc-Hung Ngo, Dinh Dien, Asanee Kawtrakul, Koichi Takeuchi, Mika Shigematsu, and Kiyosu Taniguchi. 2008. Biocaster: detecting public health rumors with a web-based text mining system. Bioinformatics, 24(24):2940… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Nigel+Collier%2C+Son+Doan%2C+Ai+Kawazoe%2C+Reiko+Matsuda+Goodwin%2C+Mike+Conway%2C+Yoshio+Tateno%2C+Quoc%2DHung+Ngo%2C+Dinh+Dien%2C+Asanee+Kawtrakul%2C+Koichi+Takeuchi%2C+Mika+Shigematsu%2C+and+Kiyosu+Taniguchi%2E+2008%2E+Biocas)
8. Sergio Consoli, Peter Markov, Nikolaos I Stilianakis, Lorenzo Bertolini, Antonio Puertas Gallardo, and Mario Ceresa. 2024. Epidemic information extraction for event-based surveillance using large language models. In International Congress on Information and Communication Technology, pages 241–252. S… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Sergio+Consoli%2C+Peter+Markov%2C+Nikolaos+I+Stilianakis%2C+Lorenzo+Bertolini%2C+Antonio+Puertas+Gallardo%2C+and+Mario+Ceresa%2E+2024%2E+Epidemic+information+extraction+for+event%2Dbased+surveillance+using+large+lang)
9. Adam W Crawley, Kyeng Mercy, Sabrina Shivji, Hannah Lofgren, Daniella Trowbridge, Christine Manthey, Yenew Kebede Tebeje, Alexey Wil Clara, Kimberly Landry, and Stephanie J Salyer. 2024. An indicator framework for the monitoring and evaluation of event-based surveillance systems. The Lancet Global H… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Adam+W+Crawley%2C+Kyeng+Mercy%2C+Sabrina+Shivji%2C+Hannah+Lofgren%2C+Daniella+Trowbridge%2C+Christine+Manthey%2C+Yenew+Kebede+Tebeje%2C+Alexey+Wil+Clara%2C+Kimberly+Landry%2C+and+Stephanie+J+Salyer%2E+2024%2E+An+indicator+)
10. Llorenç Escoter, Lidia Pivovarova, Mian Du, Anisia Katinskaia, and Roman Yangarber. 2017. Grouping business news stories based on salience of named entities. In 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of Conference, Volume 1: Long Papers. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Lloren%C3%A7+Escoter%2C+Lidia+Pivovarova%2C+Mian+Du%2C+Anisia+Katinskaia%2C+and+Roman+Yangarber%2E+2017%2E+Grouping+business+news+stories+based+on+salience+of+named+entities%2E+In+15th+Conference+of+the+European+Chapter)
11. Alexander Fabbri, Chien-Sheng Wu, Wenhao Liu, and Caiming Xiong. 2022. QAFactEval: Improved QA-based factual consistency evaluation for summarization. In Proceedings of Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, pages 2587–… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Alexander+Fabbri%2C+Chien%2DSheng+Wu%2C+Wenhao+Liu%2C+and+Caiming+Xiong%2E+2022%2E+QAFactEval%3A+Improved+QA%2Dbased+factual+consistency+evaluation+for+summarization%2E+In+Proceedings+of+Conference+of+the+North+America) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/fabbri-2022-qafacteval-improved-qa-based-factual/)
12. Alexander R Fabbri, Wojciech Kryściński, Bryan McCann, Caiming Xiong, Richard Socher, and Dragomir Radev. 2021. Summeval: Re-evaluating summarization evaluation. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 9:391–409. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Alexander+R+Fabbri%2C+Wojciech+Krys%CC%81cin%CC%81ski%2C+Bryan+McCann%2C+Caiming+Xiong%2C+Richard+Socher%2C+and+Dragomir+Radev%2E+2021%2E+Summeval%3A+Re%2Devaluating+summarization+evaluation%2E+Transactions+of+the+Association+for+)
13. Tanya Goyal, Junyi Jessy Li, and Greg Durrett. 2022. News summarization and evaluation in the era of GPT-3. arXiv preprint arXiv:2209.12356. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Tanya+Goyal%2C+Junyi+Jessy+Li%2C+and+Greg+Durrett%2E+2022%2E+News+summarization+and+evaluation+in+the+era+of+GPT%2D3%2E+arXiv+preprint+arXiv%3A2209%2E12356%2E)
14. Aaron Grattafiori, Abhimanyu Dubey, Abhinav Jauhri, Abhinav Pandey, Abhishek Kadian, Ahmad Al-Dahle, Aiesha Letman, Akhil Mathur, Alan Schelten, and Alex Vaughan. 2024. The llama 3 herd of models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.21783. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Aaron+Grattafiori%2C+Abhimanyu+Dubey%2C+Abhinav+Jauhri%2C+Abhinav+Pandey%2C+Abhishek+Kadian%2C+Ahmad+Al%2DDahle%2C+Aiesha+Letman%2C+Akhil+Mathur%2C+Alan+Schelten%2C+and+Alex+Vaughan%2E+2024%2E+The+llama+3+herd+of+models%2E+arX)
15. David Hartley, Noele Nelson, Ronald Walters, Ray Arthur, Roman Yangarber, Larry Madoff, Jens Linge, Abla Mawudeku, Nigel Collier, and John Brownstein. 2010. The landscape of international event-based biosurveillance. Emerging Health Threats Journal, 3(1):7096. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=David+Hartley%2C+Noele+Nelson%2C+Ronald+Walters%2C+Ray+Arthur%2C+Roman+Yangarber%2C+Larry+Madoff%2C+Jens+Linge%2C+Abla+Mawudeku%2C+Nigel+Collier%2C+and+John+Brownstein%2E+2010%2E+The+landscape+of+international+event%2Dbased+)
16. David M Hartley, Noele P Nelson, RR Arthur, Philippe Barboza, Nigel Collier, Nigel Lightfoot, JP Linge, Erik van der Goot, Abla Mawudeku, and LC Madoff. 2013. An overview of internet biosurveillance. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 19(11):1006–1013. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=David+M+Hartley%2C+Noele+P+Nelson%2C+RR+Arthur%2C+Philippe+Barboza%2C+Nigel+Collier%2C+Nigel+Lightfoot%2C+JP+Linge%2C+Erik+van+der+Goot%2C+Abla+Mawudeku%2C+and+LC+Madoff%2E+2013%2E+An+overview+of+internet+biosurveillance%2E+)
17. Or Honovich, Roee Aharoni, Jonathan Herzig, Hagai Taitelbaum, Doron Kukliansy, Vered Cohen, Thomas Scialom, Idan Szpektor, Avinatan Hassidim, and Yossi Matias. 2022. TRUE: Re-evaluating factual consistency evaluation. In Proceedings of Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Or+Honovich%2C+Roee+Aharoni%2C+Jonathan+Herzig%2C+Hagai+Taitelbaum%2C+Doron+Kukliansy%2C+Vered+Cohen%2C+Thomas+Scialom%2C+Idan+Szpektor%2C+Avinatan+Hassidim%2C+and+Yossi+Matias%2E+2022%2E+TRUE%3A+Re%2Devaluating+factual+consis) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/honovich-2022-true-re-evaluating-factual-consistency/)
18. Edward J Hu, Yelong Shen, Phillip Wallis, Zeyuan Allen-Zhu, Yuanzhi Li, Shean Wang, Lu Wang, and Weizhu Chen. 2022. LoRA: Low-rank adaptation of large language models. ICLR, 1(2):3. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Edward+J+Hu%2C+Yelong+Shen%2C+Phillip+Wallis%2C+Zeyuan+Allen%2DZhu%2C+Yuanzhi+Li%2C+Shean+Wang%2C+Lu+Wang%2C+and+Weizhu+Chen%2E+2022%2E+LoRA%3A+Low%2Drank+adaptation+of+large+language+models%2E+ICLR%2C+1%282%29%3A3%2E) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hu-2021-lora-low-rank-adaptation-large/)
19. Silja Huttunen, Roman Yangarber, and Ralph Grishman. 2002. Diversity of scenarios in information extraction. In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2002), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Silja+Huttunen%2C+Roman+Yangarber%2C+and+Ralph+Grishman%2E+2002%2E+Diversity+of+scenarios+in+information+extraction%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+Third+International+Conference+on+Language+Resources+and+Evaluation+%28)
20. Chin-Yew Lin. 2004. ROUGE: A package for automatic evaluation of summaries. In Text summarization branches out, pages 74–81. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Chin%2DYew+Lin%2E+2004%2E+ROUGE%3A+A+package+for+automatic+evaluation+of+summaries%2E+In+Text+summarization+branches+out%2C+pages+74%E2%80%9381%2E) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lin-2004-rouge-package-automatic-evaluation-summaries/)
21. Jens P Linge, Ralf Steinberger, Flavio Fuart, Stefano Bucci, Jenya Belyaeva, Monica Gemo, Delilah Al-Khudhairy, Roman Yangarber, and Erik van der Goot. 2010. MedISys: medical information system. In Advanced ICTs for disaster management and threat detection: Collaborative and distributed frameworks,… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jens+P+Linge%2C+Ralf+Steinberger%2C+Flavio+Fuart%2C+Stefano+Bucci%2C+Jenya+Belyaeva%2C+Monica+Gemo%2C+Delilah+Al%2DKhudhairy%2C+Roman+Yangarber%2C+and+Erik+van+der+Goot%2E+2010%2E+MedISys%3A+medical+information+system%2E+In+Ad)
22. Congbo Ma, Wei Emma Zhang, Mingyu Guo, Hu Wang, and Quan Z Sheng. 2022. Multi-document summarization via deep learning techniques: A survey. ACM Computing Surveys, 55(5):1–37. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Congbo+Ma%2C+Wei+Emma+Zhang%2C+Mingyu+Guo%2C+Hu+Wang%2C+and+Quan+Z+Sheng%2E+2022%2E+Multi%2Ddocument+summarization+via+deep+learning+techniques%3A+A+survey%2E+ACM+Computing+Surveys%2C+55%285%29%3A1%E2%80%9337%2E)
23. Joshua Maynez, Shashi Narayan, Bernd Bohnet, and Ryan McDonald. 2020. On faithfulness and factuality in abstractive summarization. arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.00661. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Joshua+Maynez%2C+Shashi+Narayan%2C+Bernd+Bohnet%2C+and+Ryan+McDonald%2E+2020%2E+On+faithfulness+and+factuality+in+abstractive+summarization%2E+arXiv+preprint+arXiv%3A2005%2E00661%2E)
24. Sewon Min, Kalpesh Krishna, Xinxi Lyu, Mike Lewis, Wen-tau Yih, Pang Koh, Mohit Iyyer, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. 2023. FActScore: Fine-grained atomic evaluation of factual precision in long form text generation. In Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural L… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Sewon+Min%2C+Kalpesh+Krishna%2C+Xinxi+Lyu%2C+Mike+Lewis%2C+Wen%2Dtau+Yih%2C+Pang+Koh%2C+Mohit+Iyyer%2C+Luke+Zettlemoyer%2C+and+Hannaneh+Hajishirzi%2E+2023%2E+FActScore%3A+Fine%2Dgrained+atomic+evaluation+of+factual+precision+i) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/min-2023-factscore-fine-grained-atomic-evaluation/)
25. Jakub Piskorski and Roman Yangarber. 2013. Information extraction: past, present and future. In Multi-source, multilingual information extraction and summarization, pages 23–49. Springer. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jakub+Piskorski+and+Roman+Yangarber%2E+2013%2E+Information+extraction%3A+past%2C+present+and+future%2E+In+Multi%2Dsource%2C+multilingual+information+extraction+and+summarization%2C+pages+23%E2%80%9349%2E+Springer%2E)
26. Lidia Pivovarova, Mian Du, and Roman Yangarber. 2013. Adapting the PULS event extraction framework to analyze Russian text. In Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Balto-Slavic Natural Language Processing, pages 100–109, Sofia, Bulgaria. Association for Computational Linguistics. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Lidia+Pivovarova%2C+Mian+Du%2C+and+Roman+Yangarber%2E+2013%2E+Adapting+the+PULS+event+extraction+framework+to+analyze+Russian+text%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+4th+International+Workshop+on+Balto%2DSlavic+Natural+Lan)
27. Xiao Pu, Mingqi Gao, and Xiaojun Wan. 2023. Summarization is (almost) dead. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Xiao+Pu%2C+Mingqi+Gao%2C+and+Xiaojun+Wan%2E+2023%2E+Summarization+is+%28almost%29+dead%2E)
28. Ralf Steinberger, Flavio Fuart, Erik van der Goot, Clive Best, Peter von Etter, and Roman Yangarber. 2008. Text mining from the web for medical intelligence. In Mining massive data sets for security, pages 295–310. IOS Press. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ralf+Steinberger%2C+Flavio+Fuart%2C+Erik+van+der+Goot%2C+Clive+Best%2C+Peter+von+Etter%2C+and+Roman+Yangarber%2E+2008%2E+Text+mining+from+the+web+for+medical+intelligence%2E+In+Mining+massive+data+sets+for+security%2C+)
29. Ralf Steinberger, Bruno Pouliquen, and Erik Van der Goot. 2013. An introduction to the Europe Media Monitor family of applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:1309.5290. — [arXiv:1309.5290](https://arxiv.org/abs/1309.5290) [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ralf+Steinberger%2C+Bruno+Pouliquen%2C+and+Erik+Van+der+Goot%2E+2013%2E+An+introduction+to+the+Europe+Media+Monitor+family+of+applications%2E+arXiv+preprint+arXiv%3A1309%2E5290%2E+%E2%80%94+%5BarXiv%3A1309%2E5290%5D%28https%3A%2F%2Farxiv%2Eor)
30. Qwen Team. 2025. Qwq-32b: Embracing the power of reinforcement learning. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Qwen+Team%2E+2025%2E+Qwq%2D32b%3A+Embracing+the+power+of+reinforcement+learning%2E)
31. Xiang Wei, Xingyu Cui, Ning Cheng, Xiaobin Wang, Xin Zhang, Shen Huang, Pengjun Xie, Jinan Xu, Yufeng Chen, and Meishan Zhang. 2023. Zero-shot information extraction via chatting with ChatGPT. arXiv e-prints, pages arXiv–2302. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Xiang+Wei%2C+Xingyu+Cui%2C+Ning+Cheng%2C+Xiaobin+Wang%2C+Xin+Zhang%2C+Shen+Huang%2C+Pengjun+Xie%2C+Jinan+Xu%2C+Yufeng+Chen%2C+and+Meishan+Zhang%2E+2023%2E+Zero%2Dshot+information+extraction+via+chatting+with+ChatGPT%2E+arXiv+e)
32. Wen Xiao, Iz Beltagy, Giuseppe Carenini, and Arman Cohan. 2021. Primera: Pyramid-based masked sentence pre-training for multi-document summarization. arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.08499. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Wen+Xiao%2C+Iz+Beltagy%2C+Giuseppe+Carenini%2C+and+Arman+Cohan%2E+2021%2E+Primera%3A+Pyramid%2Dbased+masked+sentence+pre%2Dtraining+for+multi%2Ddocument+summarization%2E+arXiv+preprint+arXiv%3A2110%2E08499%2E) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/xiao-2022-primera-pyramid-based-masked-sentence/)
33. Roman Yangarber. 2006. Verification of facts across document boundaries. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Intelligent Information Access (IIIA-2006), Helsinki, Finland. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Roman+Yangarber%2E+2006%2E+Verification+of+facts+across+document+boundaries%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+International+Workshop+on+Intelligent+Information+Access+%28IIIA%2D2006%29%2C+Helsinki%2C+Finland%2E)
34. Jingqing Zhang, Yao Zhao, Mohammad Saleh, and Peter Liu. 2020. Pegasus: Pre-training with extracted gap-sentences for abstractive summarization. In International conference on machine learning, pages 11328–11339. PMLR. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jingqing+Zhang%2C+Yao+Zhao%2C+Mohammad+Saleh%2C+and+Peter+Liu%2E+2020%2E+Pegasus%3A+Pre%2Dtraining+with+extracted+gap%2Dsentences+for+abstractive+summarization%2E+In+International+conference+on+machine+learning%2C+pages+) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhang-2019-pegasus-pre-training-extracted-gap/)
35. Tianyi Zhang, Varsha Kishore, Felix Wu, Kilian Q Weinberger, and Yoav Artzi. 2019. BERTscore: Evaluating text generation with BERT. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.09675. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Tianyi+Zhang%2C+Varsha+Kishore%2C+Felix+Wu%2C+Kilian+Q+Weinberger%2C+and+Yoav+Artzi%2E+2019%2E+BERTscore%3A+Evaluating+text+generation+with+BERT%2E+arXiv+preprint+arXiv%3A1904%2E09675%2E)
36. Zixuan Zhang, Heba Elfardy, Markus Dreyer, Kevin Small, Heng Ji, and Mohit Bansal. 2023. Enhancing multi-document summarization with cross-document graph-based information extraction. In Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, page… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Zixuan+Zhang%2C+Heba+Elfardy%2C+Markus+Dreyer%2C+Kevin+Small%2C+Heng+Ji%2C+and+Mohit+Bansal%2E+2023%2E+Enhancing+multi%2Ddocument+summarization+with+cross%2Ddocument+graph%2Dbased+information+extraction%2E+In+Proceedings+o)