---
title: "Classifying Relations via Long Short Term Memory — Xu 2015"
description: "The paper addresses relation classification: deciding which predefined semantic relation holds between two marked entities in a sentence."
authors: ["Yan Xu", "Lili Mou", "Ge Li", "Yunchuan Chen", "Hao Peng", "Zhi Jin"]
year: 2015
venue: "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/D15-1206/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/d15-1206"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/xu-2015-classifying-relations-long-short-term/"
---
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# Classifying Relations via Long Short Term Memory Networks along Shortest Dependency Paths

**Authors:** [Yan Xu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/yan-xu/), [Lili Mou](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/lili-mou/), [Ge Li](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ge-li/), Yunchuan Chen, [Hao Peng](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/hao-peng/), [Zhi Jin](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/zhi-jin/) · **Year:** 2015 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/D15-1206/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/D15-1206.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/d15-1206](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d15-1206) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2964217331)

**Citations:** 653 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [116](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140884 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The paper addresses relation classification: deciding which predefined semantic relation holds between two marked entities in a sentence. The authors propose SDP-LSTM, a neural model that ignores most of the sentence. It reads only the shortest dependency path (SDP) linking the two entities, obtained with the Stanford parser. The path is split at the entities' common ancestor into two sub-paths, and each is processed bottom-up by an LSTM-based recurrent network, so the model is sensitive to relation direction. Four separate channels run along the path: word embeddings, POS tags, grammatical relations and WordNet hypernyms. Each channel is max-pooled, the results are concatenated, and the combined vector goes through a hidden layer and a softmax. A custom dropout scheme limits overfitting. On SemEval 2010 Task 8 the model reaches an F1 of 83.7%. This beats the competing systems compared under a plain softmax/cross-entropy setup without special handling of the Other class. The work shows that syntactic structure combined with recurrent networks can beat convolutional and recursive neural baselines.

## Key points
- **Benchmark result:** On SemEval 2010 Task 8, SDP-LSTM scores 83.7% F1, compared with:
  - FCM: 83.0%
  - CR-CNN without its Other-class treatment: 82.7% (84.1% with it)
  - MVRNN: 82.4%
  - Feature-rich SVM: 82.2%
- **Controlled experiments:**
  - Replacing LSTM units with a plain RNN gives 82.8%.
  - Running one LSTM over the whole path instead of two sub-paths gives 82.2%.
- **Channel ablation:**
  - Words alone: 82.35%
  - Words + POS: 82.98%
  - Words + grammatical relations: 83.21%
  - Words + WordNet: 83.03%
  - All four channels: 83.70%
  - The gains from individual channels do not simply add up when combined.
- **Channel resources:**
  - Grammatical relations are grouped into 19 coarse classes, following De Marneffe et al. (2006).
  - Hypernyms are 41 WordNet supersense-style concepts (e.g., noun.food), assigned with the Ciaramita and Altun (2006) tagger.
- **Dropout analysis:**
  - Dropout on LSTM units hurts even at a rate of 0.1.
  - Dropout on embeddings adds 2.16%.
  - Dropout on the penultimate layer adds a further 0.16%.

## Interesting ideas
- **Prune the input to the syntactic path between the entities.** Throwing away words off the dependency path acts as a cheap, linguistically motivated denoising step. It could help for other languages, such as Ukrainian, wherever a UD-style parser is available.
- **Split the path at the common ancestor.** Running separate encoders on each side of the ancestor node builds the asymmetry of r(a, b) versus r(b, a) into the architecture. This is useful for any directed pairwise task, such as trade-flow or part-of relations.
- **Keep heterogeneous features in separate channels.** Words, tags, dependency labels and coarse semantic classes each get their own recurrent network and are fused only after pooling. This makes ablation simple and lets weak signals such as POS still contribute.
- **Use coarse semantic classes as a bridge.** Mapping words to a small set of hypernym categories links rare or unseen words to conceptually similar ones. This is a lightweight trick for low-resource vocabularies.
- **Choose dropout placement deliberately.** Applying dropout to embeddings and the penultimate layer, but not to recurrent units, worked best here. Checking each placement separately is a good habit when regularizing LSTMs elsewhere.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Natural language processing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/nlp/)

Topics: [Part-of-speech tagging](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/part-of-speech-tagging/)

## Cited by

Cited by

116 papers of our library cite it (of the 140884 whose bibliographies we read); 12 of them have a page here, 104 not yet.

- [Cross-Document Event Coreference Resolution on Discourse Structure](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/chen-2023-cross-document-event-coreference-resolution/)
- [Attention Guided Graph Convolutional Networks for Relation Extraction](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/guo-2019-attention-guided-graph-convolutional-networks/)
- [End-to-End Relation Extraction using LSTMs on Sequences and Tree Structures](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/miwa-2016-end-end-relation-extraction-lstms/)
- [Natural Language Inference by Tree-Based Convolution and Heuristic Matching](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mou-2016-natural-language-inference-tree-based/)
- [Reasoning with Latent Structure Refinement for Document-Level Relation Extraction](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/nan-2020-reasoning-latent-structure-refinement-document/)
- [Cross-Sentence N-ary Relation Extraction with Graph LSTMs](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/peng-2017-cross-sentence-n-ary-relation/)
- [Neural Semantic Role Labeling with Dependency Path Embeddings](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/roth-2016-neural-semantic-role-labeling-dependency/)
- [Improving Hypernymy Detection with an Integrated Path-based and Distributional Method](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/shwartz-2016-improving-hypernymy-detection-integrated-path/)
- [Relation Classification via Multi-Level Attention CNNs](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wang-2016-relation-classification-multi-level-attention/)
- [Extracting Relational Facts by an End-to-End Neural Model with Copy Mechanism](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zeng-2018-extracting-relational-facts-end-end/)
- [Graph Convolution over Pruned Dependency Trees Improves Relation Extraction](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhang-2018-graph-convolution-over-pruned-dependency/)
- [Joint Extraction of Entities and Relations Based on a Novel Tagging Scheme](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zheng-2017-joint-extraction-entities-relations-based/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{xu2015classifying,
  title = {{Classifying Relations via Long Short Term Memory Networks along Shortest Dependency Paths}},
  author = {Xu, Yan and Mou, Lili and Li, Ge and Chen, Yunchuan and Peng, Hao and Jin, Zhi},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  year = {2015},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/d15-1206},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d15-1206}
}
```

- [← previous Classifying Relations by Ranking with Convolutional Neural Networks](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/santos-2015-classifying-relations-ranking-convolutional-neural/)
- [next → Closing the Gap: Domain Adaptation from Explicit to Implicit Discourse Relations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ji-2015-closing-gap-domain-adaptation-explicit/)
- [↑ back to papers of 2015](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2015/)

## References

34 references, 14 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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