---
title: "Double Embeddings and CNN-based Sequence Labeling — Xu 2018"
description: "The paper addresses supervised aspect extraction: finding the product attributes that reviewers comment on, such as \"speed\" in a laptop review."
authors: ["Hu Xu", "Bing Liu", "Lei Shu", "Philip S. Yu"]
year: 2018
venue: "Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/P18-2094/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/p18-2094"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/xu-2018-double-embeddings-cnn-based-sequence/"
---
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# Double Embeddings and CNN-based Sequence Labeling for Aspect Extraction

**Authors:** [Hu Xu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/hu-xu/), [Bing Liu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/bing-liu/), [Lei Shu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/lei-shu/), [Philip S. Yu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/philip-s-yu/) · **Year:** 2018 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/P18-2094/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/P18-2094.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/p18-2094](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p18-2094) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2962741379)

**Citations:** 414 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [80](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140884 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The paper addresses supervised aspect extraction: finding the product attributes that reviewers comment on, such as "speed" in a laptop review. The authors aim to match strong results without handcrafted features, lexicons, or heavy architectures. Their model, DE-CNN, concatenates two frozen pre-trained embeddings for each word. One is a general-purpose GloVe embedding. The other is a domain embedding trained with fastText on a small corpus that exactly matches the target domain (Amazon laptop reviews or Yelp restaurant reviews). The combined vectors pass through four 1D convolutional layers. These layers use zero padding and stride 1 and omit max-pooling, so each output stays aligned with its input token. A shared fully-connected layer with softmax then assigns B/I/O tags. On the SemEval-2014 laptop and SemEval-2016 restaurant benchmarks, DE-CNN beats systems that use extra supervision such as opinion labels. The work shows that a simple, parallelizable CNN with well-chosen embeddings can rival complex LSTM- and attention-based systems. This matters for fast inference in real applications.

## Key points
- Data: SemEval-2014 Task 4 laptop set (3045/800 train/test sentences) and SemEval-2016 Task 5 restaurant set (2000/676 train/test sentences).
- Embeddings: glove.840B.300d serves as the general embedding. The domain embeddings are 100-dimensional fastText vectors, with subword n-grams covering OOV words. Both embedding layers are kept non-trainable.
- Results: DE-CNN reaches F1 81.59 on laptops and 74.37 on restaurants (significant at 0.05). It outperforms RNCRF, CMLA, MIN and the NER-oriented BiLSTM-CNN-CRF.
- Ablations show that each design choice helps:
  - Using only one embedding type (GloVe-CNN, Domain-CNN) performs worse.
  - Adding max-pooling hurts.
  - Out-of-domain corpora (all electronics or all Yelp reviews) are poorer substitutes for in-domain ones.
  - Smaller GoogleNews embeddings perform worse than GloVe.
  - A CRF output layer brings no gain.
- Remaining errors come mainly from inconsistent gold labels and from unseen aspects that appear in coordinations with "and".

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Natural language processing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/nlp/)

## Cited by

Cited by

80 papers of our library cite it (of the 140884 whose bibliographies we read); 4 of them have a page here, 76 not yet.

- [BERT Post-Training for Review Reading Comprehension and Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/xu-2019-bert-post-training-review-reading/)
- [Position-Aware Tagging for Aspect Sentiment Triplet Extraction](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/xu-2020-position-aware-tagging-aspect-sentiment/)
- [A Unified Generative Framework for Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/yan-2021-unified-generative-framework-aspect-based/)
- [Aspect Sentiment Quad Prediction as Paraphrase Generation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhang-2021-aspect-sentiment-quad-prediction-as/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{xu2018double,
  title = {{Double Embeddings and CNN-based Sequence Labeling for Aspect Extraction}},
  author = {Xu, Hu and Liu, Bing and Shu, Lei and Yu, Philip S.},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)},
  year = {2018},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/p18-2094},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p18-2094}
}
```

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