---
title: "End-to-End Slot Alignment and Recognition for — Xu 2020"
description: "Goal-oriented dialog systems depend on NLU, which classifies a user's intent and labels slots."
authors: ["Weijia Xu", "Batool Haider", "Saab Mansour"]
year: 2020
venue: "Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2020.emnlp-main.410/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.410"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/xu-2020-end-end-slot-alignment-recognition/"
---
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# End-to-End Slot Alignment and Recognition for Cross-Lingual NLU

**Authors:** Weijia Xu, Batool Haider, [Saab Mansour](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/saab-mansour/) · **Year:** 2020 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2020.emnlp-main.410/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2020.emnlp-main.410.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.410](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.410) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W3098101716)

**Citations:** 114 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [80](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140884 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Goal-oriented dialog systems depend on NLU, which classifies a user's intent and labels slots. Porting such a system to a new language usually means machine-translating the English training data and then projecting slot labels onto the translations. That projection step is error-prone, particularly for languages that differ structurally from English. The authors address this in two ways. First, they build MultiATIS++, an extension of Multilingual ATIS in which professional native translators translated and slot-annotated the English data. The corpus covers nine languages from four families. Second, they propose an end-to-end soft-alignment model on top of multilingual BERT. An attention module learns to link target-language tokens to the source slot labels, and it is trained jointly with intent classification, slot filling and a reconstruction loss, so no external aligner is required. In zero-shot transfer, the model beats MT+fast-align on most languages. It roughly matches the stronger feature-based projection method MT+TMP while needing half the training time, and it is clearly more robust on Turkish. The corpus is publicly released.

## Key points
- **MultiATIS++**: English, Spanish, German, French, Portuguese, Hindi, Chinese, Japanese and Turkish. It contains 37,084 training and 7,859 test examples, with 18 intents and 84 slot types; the Hindi and Turkish portions are smaller.
- The soft-alignment model outperforms BERT+MT+fast-align on five of eight target languages. It matches or exceeds MT+TMP on intent accuracy for all languages and on slot F1 for four of them.
- On Turkish, the model beats MT+TMP by 16.9% slot F1. Hard projection accuracy there is only 20% with fast-align and 39% with TMP, compared with over 70% for the other languages.
- In the ablation, average slot F1 is 80.00. It falls by 3.6% without the reconstruction loss and by 8.4% without joint training on the source data, while intent accuracy barely changes.
- In few-shot experiments with a few hundred target examples, soft-align equals (French) or surpasses (Chinese) BERT+MT+TMP on slot F1.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Natural language processing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/nlp/)

## Cited by

Cited by

80 papers of our library cite it (of the 140884 whose bibliographies we read); 3 of them have a page here, 77 not yet.

- [Syntax-augmented Multilingual BERT for Cross-lingual Transfer](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ahmad-2021-syntax-augmented-multilingual-bert-cross/)
- [Evaluating Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Survey](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/guo-2023-evaluating-large-language-models-comprehensive/)
- [Instruction Tuning for Large Language Models: A Survey](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhang-2023-instruction-tuning-large-language-models/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{xu2020end,
  title = {{End-to-End Slot Alignment and Recognition for Cross-Lingual NLU}},
  author = {Xu, Weijia and Haider, Batool and Mansour, Saab},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)},
  year = {2020},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.410},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.410}
}
```

- [← previous End-to-End Object Detection with Transformers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/carion-2020-end-end-object-detection-transformers/)
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