---
title: "SGM: Sequence Generation Model for Multi-label — Yang 2018"
description: "Multi-label classification (MLC) assigns several labels to one text."
authors: ["Pengcheng Yang", "Xu Sun", "Wei Li", "Shuming Ma", "Wei Wu", "Houfeng Wang"]
year: 2018
venue: "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/C18-1330/"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/yang-2018-sgm-sequence-generation-model-multi/"
---
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# SGM: Sequence Generation Model for Multi-label Classification

**Authors:** [Pengcheng Yang](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/pengcheng-yang/), [Xu Sun](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/xu-sun/), [Wei Li](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/wei-li/), [Shuming Ma](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/shuming-ma/), [Wei Wu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/wei-wu/), [Houfeng Wang](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/houfeng-wang/) · **Year:** 2018 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/C18-1330/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/C18-1330.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2808427340)

**Citations:** 52 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [93](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140884 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Multi-label classification (MLC) assigns several labels to one text. Common approaches such as binary relevance predict each label independently, and earlier neural models rarely account for the fact that different words matter for different labels. Yang et al. recast MLC as generating a sequence of labels. Their SGM model reads the text with a bidirectional LSTM. An attention-equipped LSTM decoder then emits labels one at a time, so each prediction depends on the labels already produced and on the most relevant parts of the input. Labels are ordered by training-set frequency, a masked softmax prevents repeats, and beam search selects the final output. Early mistakes can cascade through later predictions (exposure bias). To limit this, the authors add a "global embedding," a gated blend of the top label's embedding and a probability-weighted average of all label embeddings. On RCV1-V2 and AAPD, SGM clearly outperforms prior methods. Analysis shows it learns label correlations and selects informative words. The work shows how Seq2Seq modeling can handle classification tasks with interdependent labels.

## Key points
- **Datasets:**
  - RCV1-V2 has 804,414 Reuters newswire stories, 103 labels, about 3.24 labels and 124 words per sample.
  - AAPD has 55,840 samples, 54 labels, about 2.41 labels and 163 words per sample.
  - The provided extract omits the score tables, so no metric values are given here.
- **Architecture:**
  - BiLSTM encoder with additive attention.
  - LSTM decoder that uses the previous label embedding and context vector.
  - Masked softmax (−∞ for labels already predicted).
  - Cross-entropy training and beam search at inference.
- **Global embedding:** a transform gate inspired by highway networks combines the greedy label embedding with the expected embedding over the full predicted distribution. This reduces damage from earlier mispredictions.
- **Qualitative analysis:**
  - SGM recovers highly correlated label pairs that BR misses, such as E51 and E512 (correlation 0.7664).
  - Samples with many gold labels remain difficult.
- **Availability:** code and data are at github.com/lancopku/SGM. Published at COLING 2018, pp. 3915–3926.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Natural language processing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/nlp/)

## Cited by

Cited by

93 papers of our library cite it (of the 140884 whose bibliographies we read); 2 of them have a page here, 91 not yet.

- [A Dual Reinforcement Learning Framework for Unsupervised Text Style Transfer](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/luo-2019-dual-reinforcement-learning-framework-unsupervised/)
- [Push and Pull: Training Sentence Encoders with Contrastive Losses for Distance-Based Multi-Label Text Classification](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/nooten-2026-push-pull-training-sentence-encoders/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{yang2018sgm,
  title = {{SGM: Sequence Generation Model for Multi-label Classification}},
  author = {Yang, Pengcheng and Sun, Xu and Li, Wei and Ma, Shuming and Wu, Wei and Wang, Houfeng},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2018},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/C18-1330/}
}
```

- [← previous Sequicity: Simplifying Task-oriented Dialogue Systems with Single Sequence-to-Sequence Architectures](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lei-2018-sequicity-simplifying-task-oriented-dialogue/)
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- [↑ back to papers of 2018](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2018/page/4/)

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