---
title: "A Survey of AI Agent Protocols — paper by Yang et al. (2025)"
description: "The authors, from Shanghai Jiao Tong University and the ANP Community, present what they… 57 references, cited by 11 papers here."
authors: ["Yingxuan Yang", "Huacan Chai", "Yuanyi Song", "Siyuan Qi", "Muning Wen", "Ning Li", "Junwei Liao", "Haoyi Hu", "Jianghao Lin", "Gaowei Chang", "Weiwen Liu", "Ying Wen", "Yong Yu", "Weinan Zhang"]
year: 2025
venue: "arXiv:2504.16736"
source: "https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.16736"
doi: "10.48550/arxiv.2504.16736"
arxiv: "2504.16736"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (arXiv)"
licence_url: "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/yang-2025-survey-ai-agent-protocols/"
---
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# A Survey of AI Agent Protocols

**Authors:** [Yingxuan Yang](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/yingxuan-yang/), Huacan Chai, Yuanyi Song, [Siyuan Qi](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/siyuan-qi/), [Muning Wen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/muning-wen/), [Ning Li](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ning-li/), Junwei Liao, [Haoyi Hu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/haoyi-hu/), [Jianghao Lin](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jianghao-lin/), Gaowei Chang, [Weiwen Liu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/weiwen-liu/), [Ying Wen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ying-wen/), [Yong Yu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/yong-yu/) and [Weinan Zhang](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/weinan-zhang/) · **Year:** 2025 · **Venue:** arXiv:2504.16736 · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (arXiv)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.16736) · [PDF](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.16736) · [DOI 10.48550/arxiv.2504.16736](https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.16736) · [arXiv 2504.16736](https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.16736) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4415066917)

**Citations:** 9 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [11](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/yang-2025-survey-ai-agent-protocols/cited-by/) in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
As LLM-based agents spread into areas such as customer support, analytics and healthcare, they still lack a common way to talk to external tools, data sources and one another. This fragmentation limits interoperability, scaling and the ability to handle complex tasks. The authors, from Shanghai Jiao Tong University and the ANP Community, present what they describe as the first broad survey of agent protocols. They sort existing protocols along two axes. The first separates protocols that supply context from resources from those that connect agents to each other. The second separates general-purpose designs from domain-specific ones. They then compare the protocols qualitatively on criteria such as efficiency, security and scalability. Four representative protocols, MCP, A2A, ANP and Agora, are examined through use cases. The paper closes with a staged research roadmap. For library users working on agentic NLP or data pipelines, it is a practical guide to choosing or integrating a communication standard.

## Key points
- **Taxonomy:** a 2×2 scheme crossing context-oriented vs. inter-agent protocols with general-purpose vs. domain-specific ones. Examples include Anthropic's Model Context Protocol (MCP), Google's Agent-to-Agent (A2A) and the Agent Network Protocol (ANP).
- **Evaluation:** seven dimensions (efficiency, scalability, security, reliability, extensibility, operability, interoperability), plus case studies on how protocols evolve over time.
- **Use cases:**
  - MCP: one agent calling many tools.
  - A2A: collaboration among agents inside a single company.
  - ANP: cross-domain agent networking.
  - Agora: deriving protocols from natural language.
- **Roadmap:**
  - Short term: evolvable protocols.
  - Mid term: protocol knowledge built into models, and layered architectures.
  - Long term: collective intelligence, agent scaling laws and an "Agent Data Network" (ADN).
- **Resource:** a maintained list at github.com/zoe-yyx/Awesome-AIAgent-Protocol (arXiv:2504.16736, v3, June 2025).

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

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## Cite

Cite as: Yingxuan Yang, Huacan Chai, Yuanyi Song, Siyuan Qi, Muning Wen, Ning Li, Junwei Liao, Haoyi Hu, Jianghao Lin, Gaowei Chang, Weiwen Liu, Ying Wen, Yong Yu and Weinan Zhang. 2025. A Survey of AI Agent Protocols. arXiv:2504.16736.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@misc{yang2025survey,
  title = {{A Survey of AI Agent Protocols}},
  author = {Yingxuan Yang, Huacan Chai, Yuanyi Song, Siyuan Qi, Muning Wen, Ning Li, Junwei Liao, Haoyi Hu, Jianghao Lin, Gaowei Chang, Weiwen Liu, Ying Wen, Yong Yu and Weinan Zhang},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2504.16736},
  eprint = {2504.16736},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.16736}
}
```

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## References

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*Updated 3 November 2026*