---
title: "GLiNER: Generalist Model for Named Entity — Zaratiana 2024"
description: "Open-type NER, where the entity labels are chosen at inference time, is usually handled by large generative LLMs."
authors: ["Urchade Zaratiana", "Nadi Tomeh", "Pierre Holat", "Thierry Charnois"]
year: 2024
venue: "Proceedings of the 2024 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Volume 1: Long Papers)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2024.naacl-long.300/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/2024.naacl-long.300"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zaratiana-2024-gliner-generalist-model-named-entity/"
---
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# GLiNER: Generalist Model for Named Entity Recognition using Bidirectional Transformer

**Authors:** Urchade Zaratiana, [Nadi Tomeh](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/nadi-tomeh/), Pierre Holat, Thierry Charnois · **Year:** 2024 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 2024 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Volume 1: Long Papers) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2024.naacl-long.300/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2024.naacl-long.300.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/2024.naacl-long.300](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.naacl-long.300) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4401043472)

**Citations:** 86 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [103](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140884 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Open-type NER, where the entity labels are chosen at inference time, is usually handled by large generative LLMs. These are expensive, slow because they decode token by token, and often reachable only through paid APIs. GLiNER instead uses a compact BERT-like encoder (DeBERTa-v3 in the experiments). The model receives the requested entity type names, each marked by a learned [ENT] token, together with the text. It projects type embeddings and candidate span embeddings into a shared space and scores every type–span pair with a dot product and sigmoid. All entities are therefore predicted in parallel rather than generated. Training uses binary cross-entropy on Pile-NER, a ChatGPT-annotated corpus covering many domains and thousands of types. Decoding is a greedy procedure that supports both flat and nested NER. In zero-shot tests on out-of-domain benchmarks, the 0.3B-parameter version beats ChatGPT and fine-tuned LLMs as large as 13B. This matters because it makes flexible entity extraction practical on modest hardware, including CPUs.

## Key points
- On the zero-shot out-of-domain benchmark (Movie, Restaurant, AI, Literature, Music, Politics, Science), GLiNER-L (0.3B) reaches an average F1 of 60.9. This compares with 47.5 for ChatGPT, 55.6 for UniNER-13B, 58.0 for GoLLIE (7B) and 47.2 for InstructUIE (11B). GLiNER-S (50M) and GLiNER-M (90M) score 52.7 and 55.4.
- Training data is Pile-NER from Zhou et al. (2023): 50,000 passages sampled from the Pile, with entities and their types labelled by ChatGPT without a fixed type list. Candidate spans are capped at 12 tokens, which keeps cost linear in text length.
- On languages absent from training, GLiNER outperforms ChatGPT in 8 of 10 cases.
- Ablations show that using 50% negative (absent) entity types in prompts works best, giving F1 60.9 versus 53.3 with no negatives and 58.6 with 75%. Randomly dropping entity types during training adds about 1.4 points.
- Pretraining on Pile-NER also improves supervised training across 20 NER datasets, by 5.6 points at 100 examples per dataset. Code and models are released via pip and HuggingFace (e.g., urchade/gliner_base). The model cannot extract discontinuous entities.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Natural language processing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/nlp/)

Topics: [Named entity recognition](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/named-entity-recognition/)

## Cited by

Cited by

103 papers of our library cite it (of the 140884 whose bibliographies we read); 4 of them have a page here, 99 not yet.

- [ForumOccitania: A Corpus of User-Generated Content for Multiple Occitan Varieties](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/nedey-2026-forumoccitania-corpus-user-generated-content/)
- [ENEIDE: A High Quality Silver Standard Dataset for Named Entity Recognition and Linking in Historical Italian](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/santini-2026-eneide-high-quality-silver-standard/)
- [Studying Expert-ese: Profiling and Classification of Domain-Specific Language Variation in Architecture with Traditional Machine Learning and LLMs](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/schacht-2026-studying-expert-ese-profiling-classification/)
- [Smarter, Better, Faster, Longer: A Modern Bidirectional Encoder for Fast, Memory Efficient, and Long Context Finetuning and Inference](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/warner-2024-smarter-better-faster-longer-modern/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{zaratiana2024gliner,
  title = {{GLiNER: Generalist Model for Named Entity Recognition using Bidirectional Transformer}},
  author = {Zaratiana, Urchade and Tomeh, Nadi and Holat, Pierre and Charnois, Thierry},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2024 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2024.naacl-long.300},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.naacl-long.300}
}
```

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