---
title: "Simulating Classroom Education with LLM-Empowered Agents"
description: "The authors draw on pedagogy to define four kinds of classroom behavior: teaching and initiation… 44 references, cited by 38 papers here."
authors: ["Zheyuan Zhang", "Daniel Zhang-Li", "Jifan Yu", "Linlu Gong", "Jinchang Zhou", "Zhanxin Hao", "Jianxiao Jiang", "Jie Cao", "Huiqin Liu", "Zhiyuan Liu", "Lei Hou", "Juanzi Li"]
year: 2025
venue: "Proceedings of the 2025 Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Volume 1: Long Papers)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2025.naacl-long.520/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/2025.naacl-long.520"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhang-2025-simulating-classroom-education-llm-empowered/"
---
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# Simulating Classroom Education with LLM-Empowered Agents

**Authors:** [Zheyuan Zhang](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/zheyuan-zhang/), [Daniel Zhang-Li](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/daniel-zhang-li/), [Jifan Yu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jifan-yu/), [Linlu Gong](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/linlu-gong/), Jinchang Zhou, Zhanxin Hao, Jianxiao Jiang, [Jie Cao](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jie-cao/), [Huiqin Liu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/huiqin-liu/), [Zhiyuan Liu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/zhiyuan-liu/), [Lei Hou](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/lei-hou/) and [Juanzi Li](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/juanzi-li/) · **Year:** 2025 · **Venue:** [Proceedings of the 2025 Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Volume 1: Long Papers)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/naacl/) ([NAACL 2025](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/naacl/2025/)) · **Publisher:** [Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/association-for-computational-linguistics/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2025.naacl-long.520/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2025.naacl-long.520.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/2025.naacl-long.520](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.naacl-long.520) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4411119608)

**Citations:** 46 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [38](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhang-2025-simulating-classroom-education-llm-empowered/cited-by/) in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary

SimClass is a framework that tests whether a group of LLM-driven agents can run a convincing virtual classroom with real learners. Earlier educational LLM work mostly used single agents for narrow tasks. The authors draw on pedagogy to define four kinds of classroom behavior: teaching and initiation, in-depth discussion, emotional companionship, and classroom management. They then assign these behaviors to prompted agents. Two teaching agents act as teacher and assistant, and several classmate agents have distinct personalities. A Session Controller decides who speaks and what action happens next. It combines a class-state component with a manager agent, and lessons are built from slides paired with teaching scripts.

Two real university courses were deployed with more than 400 students, and separate ablation settings were tested with 48 more participants. The Flanders Interaction Analysis System and Community of Inquiry theory were used for evaluation. The system produced active teacher–student and peer interactions. More interaction was linked to better quiz outcomes, and multiple agents increased engagement and sense of presence. This makes the work an early real-user study of multi-agent classroom teaching.

## Key points

- **Agents:**
  - Teacher and Assistant are the teaching agents.
  - Four default classmates are Class Clown, Deep Thinker, Note Taker and Inquisitive Mind.
  - Users can add custom classmates.
- **Session Controller:** A Class State Receptor and a manager agent pick the next function and the next speaker. This replaces a fixed SOP-style workflow.
- **Evaluation:**
  - Over 400 students took part in online courses with quizzes after each section.
  - 48 additional students compared the ablation configurations.
  - The analysis applied the Flanders Interaction Analysis System and Community of Inquiry.
- **Group behaviors:** Four were observed: collaborative teaching, discussion, emotional company and discipline management.
- **Limitations:**
  - LLM latency slows responses when several agents participate.
  - Teachers must prepare slide-script pairs by hand.
  - Testing covered few courses, models and users.
  - The code is available at github.com/THU-MAIC/SimClass.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

- [Tsinghua University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/tsinghua-university/) — University, Beijing, China · 333 works · 87,019 citations

📚 Shelves (5): [🖥️ Computer Science](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/) · 16,667 works · [🤖 Artificial Intelligence](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/) · 16,194 works · [🎭 Arts and Humanities](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/arts-and-humanities/) · 16,039 works · [🗣️ Language and Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/arts-and-humanities/language-and-linguistics/) · 15,891 works · [🗄️ Information Systems](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/information-systems/) · 1,437 works

## Cite

Cite as: Zheyuan Zhang, Daniel Zhang-Li, Jifan Yu, Linlu Gong, Jinchang Zhou, Zhanxin Hao, Jianxiao Jiang, Jie Cao, Huiqin Liu, Zhiyuan Liu, Lei Hou and Juanzi Li. 2025. Simulating Classroom Education with LLM-Empowered Agents. Proceedings of the 2025 Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Volume 1: Long Papers).

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{zhang2025simulating,
  title = {{Simulating Classroom Education with LLM-Empowered Agents}},
  author = {Zheyuan Zhang, Daniel Zhang-Li, Jifan Yu, Linlu Gong, Jinchang Zhou, Zhanxin Hao, Jianxiao Jiang, Jie Cao, Huiqin Liu, Zhiyuan Liu, Lei Hou and Juanzi Li},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2025 Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2025.naacl-long.520},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.naacl-long.520}
}
```

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*Updated 1 November 2026*