---
title: "SR-LLM — paper by Zhang et al. (2025) — summary and ideas"
description: "They propose SR-LLM, which has two modes: Training-free mode: a structure is rewritten as… 47 references, cited by 8 papers here."
authors: ["Jiahuan Zhang", "Tianheng Wang", "Hanqing Wu", "Ziyi Huang", "Yulong Wu", "Dongbai Chen", "Linfeng Song", "Yue Zhang", "Guozheng Rao", "Kaicheng Yu"]
year: 2025
venue: "Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2025.acl-long.172/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/2025.acl-long.172"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhang-2025-sr-llm-rethinking-structured-representation/"
---
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# SR-LLM: Rethinking the Structured Representation in Large Language Model

**Authors:** [Jiahuan Zhang](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jiahuan-zhang/), [Tianheng Wang](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/tianheng-wang/), [Hanqing Wu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/hanqing-wu/), [Ziyi Huang](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ziyi-huang/), [Yulong Wu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/yulong-wu/), Dongbai Chen, [Linfeng Song](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/linfeng-song/), [Yue Zhang](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/yue-zhang/), [Guozheng Rao](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/guozheng-rao/) and [Kaicheng Yu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/kaicheng-yu/) · **Year:** 2025 · **Venue:** [Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/) ([ACL 2025](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/2025/)) · **Publisher:** [Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/association-for-computational-linguistics/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2025.acl-long.172/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2025.acl-long.172.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/2025.acl-long.172](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.acl-long.172) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4412886664)

**Citations:** 3 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [8](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhang-2025-sr-llm-rethinking-structured-representation/cited-by/) in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Structured representations such as AMR, parse syntax trees (PST) and first-order logic (FOL) have long been central to NLP. Their usefulness for LLMs is unclear, because pasting them into prompts in raw, code-like form (as in the AMRCOT baseline of Jin et al., 2024) tends to lower accuracy. The authors argue that LLMs struggle with this notation simply because it is rare in their training data. They propose SR-LLM, which has two modes:

* **Training-free mode:** a structure is rewritten as plain-language statements (SR-NLD) and added to the prompt. The conversion goes through rule-based triplet mapping, and then an LLM polishes the result.
* **Training-dependent mode:** the model is fine-tuned on task data enriched with structures (Gen-SR).

The evaluation spans many tasks, including paraphrase detection, entailment, classification, NER, translation and text-to-SQL. On PAWS, the raw-AMR approach loses 5.18%, while SR-LLM gains 3.17% without training and 12.38% with fine-tuning. The authors present this as the first clear evidence that structured semantics can improve LLM reasoning.

## Key points
- **AMR-to-NLD pipeline:** the Penman library turns AMR graphs into triplets. Variable identifiers are then replaced by their concepts, and a predefined dictionary maps each triplet to a sentence. GPT-4o Mini refines the output, with voting over several generations to reduce hallucination.
- **Benchmarks:** PAWS, Logic, Pubmed45, AGNEWS, WiC, SNLI, CoNLL2003, SST-2, WMT16 (BLEU) and SPIDER (EM). The method is compared across AMR, PST and FOL.
- **Combination with reasoning methods:** on Llama3.1-8b-Instruct, SR-LLM adds gains on top of CoT, ToT and Self-reflection. It also beats earlier AMR-based methods.
- **Paraphrase control:** adding 1–3 GPT-4o mini paraphrases to the prompt changes scores by only about −2% to +1%. This suggests the improvement comes from the structure itself, not from extra rephrased text.
- **Limitations:** the gains are inconsistent across different LLMs, and the rule-based conversion limits flexibility.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

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## Cite

Cite as: Jiahuan Zhang, Tianheng Wang, Hanqing Wu, Ziyi Huang, Yulong Wu, Dongbai Chen, Linfeng Song, Yue Zhang, Guozheng Rao and Kaicheng Yu. 2025. SR-LLM: Rethinking the Structured Representation in Large Language Model. Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers).

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{zhang2025sr,
  title = {{SR-LLM: Rethinking the Structured Representation in Large Language Model}},
  author = {Jiahuan Zhang, Tianheng Wang, Hanqing Wu, Ziyi Huang, Yulong Wu, Dongbai Chen, Linfeng Song, Yue Zhang, Guozheng Rao and Kaicheng Yu},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2025.acl-long.172},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.acl-long.172}
}
```

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*Updated 2 November 2026*