---
title: "McMaster NLP at SemEval-2026 Task 2: A Lightweight"
description: "The authors report that this design is a strong, interpretable baseline, and valence is predicted more reliably than arousal. 26 references."
authors: ["Hongyi Zhang", "Daniel Hu", "Allison Lahnala"]
year: 2026
venue: "Proceedings of the 20th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (2026)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2026.semeval-1.98/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/2026.semeval-1.98"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhang-2026-mcmaster-nlp-semeval-2026-task/"
---
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# McMaster NLP at SemEval-2026 Task 2: A Lightweight Multi-Feature System for Predicting Emotional Valence and Arousal over Time

**Authors:** [Hongyi Zhang](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/hongyi-zhang/), Daniel Hu and [Allison Lahnala](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/allison-lahnala/) · **Year:** 2026 · **Venue:** [Proceedings of the 20th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (2026)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/semeval/) ([SemEval 2026](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/semeval/2026/)) · **Publisher:** [Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/association-for-computational-linguistics/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2026.semeval-1.98/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2026.semeval-1.98.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/2026.semeval-1.98](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.semeval-1.98) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W7166885753)

**Citations:** 0 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14)

## Summary
SemEval-2026 Task 2, Subtask 1 asks systems to estimate continuous valence and arousal scores for texts that the same people wrote repeatedly over time. The data was collected in 2021–2024 from U.S. service-industry workers. It mixes long ecological essays with short lists of feeling words, and each text is paired with the author's self-reported affect.

The McMaster NLP team built a deliberately simple regressor that represents each entry with four feature groups:
- all-MiniLM-L6-v2 sentence embeddings
- LIWC category counts
- similarity scores to LLM-generated archetype sentences for low, neutral and high affect, embedded with mxbai-embed-large-v1 and inspired by PHQ-9 item scoring
- a learned vector for each user

An MLP maps the combined features to both targets at once. The authors report that this design is a strong, interpretable baseline, and valence is predicted more reliably than arousal. Ablations show that lexical-semantic cues drive valence, while arousal barely changes when any single feature group is removed. Narrative essays and syntactically complex texts produce larger errors, especially for arousal. The study shows that cheap, transparent pipelines remain viable for tracking affect over time.

## Key points
- **Variance from user differences:** differences between users account for roughly 36.6% of the variation in valence and 17.5% of the variation in arousal. This motivates a trainable 32-dimensional user embedding. Users not seen in training get a zero vector, so their predictions rely only on text features.
- **Regressor:** the MLP has hidden layers of 512, 256 and 128 units, with ReLU and dropout. It is trained with MSE loss and Adam at a learning rate of 10⁻⁴. The training data was split 80/20 at the instance level for validation and early stopping.
- **LIWC preprocessing:** the submitted system used raw LIWC counts. After submission, the authors added length normalization, a log-token-count feature and StandardScaler.
- **Known limitations:** each text is predicted independently, with no temporal modeling of user trajectories. The archetype sentences were written by an LLM rather than by experts. The labels are subjective self-reports.
- **Code:** available at github.com/McMasterNLP/SemEval-2026.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

- [McMaster University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/mcmaster-university/) — University, Hamilton, Canada · 6 works · 656 citations

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## Cite

Cite as: Hongyi Zhang, Daniel Hu and Allison Lahnala. 2026. McMaster NLP at SemEval-2026 Task 2: A Lightweight Multi-Feature System for Predicting Emotional Valence and Arousal over Time. Proceedings of the 20th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (2026).

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{zhang2026mcmaster,
  title = {{McMaster NLP at SemEval-2026 Task 2: A Lightweight Multi-Feature System for Predicting Emotional Valence and Arousal over Time}},
  author = {Hongyi Zhang, Daniel Hu and Allison Lahnala},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 20th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (2026)},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2026.semeval-1.98},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.semeval-1.98}
}
```

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26. Scale 5 4 3 2 1 Valence Rating Pleasant Pleased Neutral Unsatisfied Unpleasant Arousal Rating Excited Wide-awake Neutral Dull Calm *Table 1: Five-point scale used for self-reported valence and arousal ratings. Valence ranges from unpleasant (1) to pleasant (5), while arousal ranges from calm (1) to… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Scale+5+4+3+2+1+Valence+Rating+Pleasant+Pleased+Neutral+Unsatisfied+Unpleasant+Arousal+Rating+Excited+Wide%2Dawake+Neutral+Dull+Calm+%2ATable+1%3A+Five%2Dpoint+scale+used+for+self%2Dreported+valence+and+arousal)

*Updated 2 November 2026*