---
title: "Sentence Centrality Revisited for Unsupervised Summarization"
description: "Neural extractive summarizers rely on large collections of document–summary pairs. 42 references, cited by 66 papers here."
authors: ["Hao Zheng", "Mirella Lapata"]
year: 2019
venue: "Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/P19-1628/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/p19-1628"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zheng-2019-sentence-centrality-revisited-unsupervised-summarization/"
---
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# Sentence Centrality Revisited for Unsupervised Summarization

**Authors:** Hao Zheng and [Mirella Lapata](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mirella-lapata/) · **Year:** 2019 · **Venue:** [Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/) ([ACL 2019](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/2019/)) · **Publisher:** [Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/association-for-computational-linguistics/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/P19-1628/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/P19-1628.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/p19-1628](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1628) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2950342809)

**Citations:** 185 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [66](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zheng-2019-sentence-centrality-revisited-unsupervised-summarization/cited-by/) in our library, of the 141,840 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Neural extractive summarizers rely on large collections of document–summary pairs. Such data rarely exist for every summary style, domain or language. Zheng and Lapata therefore return to unsupervised, graph-based sentence ranking in the spirit of TextRank and change how a sentence's centrality is scored.

They make two changes. First, sentence similarity comes from BERT, fine-tuned with a sentence-level distributional objective, rather than tf-idf-style overlap. Second, the graph's edges become directed: each similarity link is split into a forward-looking and a backward-looking edge with different weights. This uses position as a cheap stand-in for RST nuclearity, since earlier sentences in news tend to carry the core content. The resulting system, PacSum, ranks sentences by this weighted degree centrality.

It was tested on three news datasets: CNN+DM, NYT and the Chinese TTNews. PacSum beats strong unsupervised baselines and the LEAD baseline. Its results nearly match those of supervised models that learn from several hundred thousand training examples. This makes it a practical, low-data reference point for languages and domains lacking training corpora.

## Key points
- The datasets used are CNN+DM (11,490 docs), NYT (4,375) and TTNews (2,000, Chinese). The code is released as PacSum on GitHub (mswellhao/PacSum).
- The forward and backward edge weights (λ1, λ2, constrained to sum to 1) are tuned on a small validation set. The best λ1 is usually negative, meaning similarity to preceding sentences lowers a sentence's centrality.
- Plain degree centrality was used instead of PageRank, which gave only marginal differences.
- A question-answering evaluation tested whether readers could answer questions from the summaries alone:
  - CNN/DM: 20 docs, 71 questions
  - NYT: 18 docs, 59 questions
  - TTNews: 50 docs, 50 questions
  - Five participants answered per summary.
- In that QA study, PacSum (BERT) significantly outperformed LEAD-3 and was statistically on par with the supervised REFRESH. It remained below ORACLE, which itself scored under 100.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

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## Cite

Cite as: Hao Zheng and Mirella Lapata. 2019. Sentence Centrality Revisited for Unsupervised Summarization. Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{zheng2019sentence,
  title = {{Sentence Centrality Revisited for Unsupervised Summarization}},
  author = {Hao Zheng and Mirella Lapata},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2019},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/p19-1628},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1628}
}
```

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## References

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*Updated 24 October 2026*