---
title: "Knowledge-Enriched Transformer for Emotion — Zhong 2019"
description: "The paper addresses emotion recognition for individual utterances in text dialogues."
authors: ["Peixiang Zhong", "Di Wang", "Chunyan Miao"]
year: 2019
venue: "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/D19-1016/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/d19-1016"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhong-2019-knowledge-enriched-transformer-emotion-detection/"
---
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# Knowledge-Enriched Transformer for Emotion Detection in Textual Conversations

**Authors:** Peixiang Zhong, [Di Wang](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/di-wang/), [Chunyan Miao](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/chunyan-miao/) · **Year:** 2019 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/D19-1016/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/D19-1016.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/d19-1016](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d19-1016) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2970431814)

**Citations:** 289 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [81](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140884 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The paper addresses emotion recognition for individual utterances in text dialogues. This is hard because speakers often express feelings implicitly, so a reader must rely on earlier turns and on world knowledge. The authors propose KET (Knowledge-Enriched Transformer), which uses a Transformer in a new way for this task:

- **Context modelling:** preceding utterances go into the encoder, which uses hierarchical self-attention. The target utterance goes into the decoder, which uses context-response cross-attention.
- **Knowledge enrichment:** each non-stopword token is enriched with neighbouring concepts retrieved from ConceptNet. A dynamic, context-aware affective graph attention weighs these concepts, using NRC VAD scores to balance how related a concept is against how emotionally charged it is.

KET was evaluated on five conversational datasets from different domains: EC, DailyDialog, MELD, EmoryNLP and IEMOCAP. It beat the state-of-the-art models in F1 on most of them, and ablations confirm that both context and external knowledge help. Since ConceptNet is multilingual and comparable emotion lexicons exist for other languages, the approach could be adapted beyond English, Ukrainian included.

## Key points
- **Knowledge sources:** ConceptNet (English part: about 5.9M assertions, 3.1M concepts, 38 relations, with confidence scores) and NRC VAD (about 20K words scored for valence, arousal and dominance in [0, 1]).
- **Ablation (validation F1):** removing context lowers IEMOCAP from 0.5389 to 0.4976 and DailyDialog from 0.5544 to 0.5282. Removing knowledge also lowers scores on every dataset, for example IEMOCAP to 0.5217.
- **Relatedness-affectiveness trade-off:** the mixing weight λ matters. Intermediate values (0.3 or 0.7) beat either extreme (0 or 1) on every dataset. IEMOCAP's best intermediate gain is the smallest, while relying fully on affectiveness (λ=1) gives its lowest score.
- **Context length:** adding context helps, but returns diminish, and longer histories sometimes hurt. Enlarging ConceptNet improves results until they plateau.
- **Error analysis:** disgust and fear are hardest to detect, likely because they have similar VAD profiles and few training examples. Fear reaches an F1 of only 0.0667 on MELD.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Natural language processing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/nlp/)

## Cited by

Cited by

81 papers of our library cite it (of the 140884 whose bibliographies we read); 4 of them have a page here, 77 not yet.

- [HeBERT & HebEMO: a Hebrew BERT Model and a Tool for Polarity Analysis and Emotion Recognition](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/langstream-2021-chriqui-hebert-hebemo-hebrew-bert-model/)
- [Directed Acyclic Graph Network for Conversational Emotion Recognition](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/shen-2021-directed-acyclic-graph-network-conversational/)
- [Knowledge-Infused Hierarchy-Aware Emotion Recognition in Code-mixed Mental Health Counseling Conversations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/srivastava-2026-knowledge-infused-hierarchy-aware-emotion/)
- [A Novel Cascade Binary Tagging Framework for Relational Triple Extraction](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wei-2020-novel-cascade-binary-tagging-framework/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{zhong2019knowledge,
  title = {{Knowledge-Enriched Transformer for Emotion Detection in Textual Conversations}},
  author = {Zhong, Peixiang and Wang, Di and Miao, Chunyan},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)},
  year = {2019},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/d19-1016},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d19-1016}
}
```

- [← previous Knowledge-aware Pronoun Coreference Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhang-2019-knowledge-aware-pronoun-coreference-resolution/)
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- [↑ back to papers of 2019](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2019/page/3/)

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