---
title: "Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Parsing on — Zhou 2019"
description: "The authors propose combining two classical ways of describing syntax — constituent and dependency trees — into a single simplified version of the HPSG…"
authors: ["Junru Zhou", "Hai Zhao"]
year: 2019
venue: "Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/P19-1230/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/p19-1230"
arxiv: "1907.02684"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhou-2019-head-driven-phrase-structure-grammar/"
---
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# Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Parsing on Penn Treebank

**Authors:** Junru Zhou, [Hai Zhao](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/hai-zhao/) · **Year:** 2019 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/P19-1230/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/P19-1230.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/p19-1230](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1230) · [arXiv 1907.02684](https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.02684) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2963021447)

**Citations:** 143 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [76](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhou-2019-head-driven-phrase-structure-grammar/cited-by/) in our library, of the 140884 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The authors propose combining two classical ways of describing syntax — constituent and dependency trees — into a single simplified version of the HPSG grammar. In it, every phrase has both a category and a head word (head). The data for this grammar were obtained automatically from the Penn Treebank (PTB) and the Chinese Penn Treebank (CTB). To do this, the constituent annotation was combined with dependencies in the Stanford format (PTB-SD). To enable an ordinary constituent parser to handle HPSG, two tree transformations are proposed. Division span encodes the head through span boundaries and labels. Joint span stores each span together with the dependency arcs between the heads of its child phrases. The model has a self-attention encoder, span and dependency scoring modules, and a CKY-style decoder. In essence, it is a single decoder for both types of structures at once. It achieved new state-of-the-art results on PTB and CTB in both tasks. The work demonstrates that joint training of constituent and dependency parsing yields better results than training them separately. This conclusion is useful for building syntactic parsers and treebanks.

## Key points
- The best result on PTB was achieved by the Joint model with BERT: 95.84 F1 for constituents, and 97.00% UAS and 95.43% LAS for dependencies. It outperforms even ensemble systems.
- On CTB, the model reached 92.18 F1 for constituents, and 91.21% UAS and 89.15% LAS for dependencies. Results are reported for both commonly used CTB data splits.
- About 1% of phrases in PTB-SD have multiple heads. To separate them, the authors introduced a special category "#". After this, only 50 incorrect heads remained in PTB.
- The Joint span decoder has O(n⁵) complexity, and Division has O(n³). In practice, however, Joint span is hardly any slower, since most of the time is spent on neural network computations. Dependency parsing benefits specifically from the Joint approach.
- The code and trained English models are openly available: github.com/DoodleJZ/HPSG-Neural-Parser.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Treebanks](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/treebanks/) · [Syntax & grammar formalisms](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/syntax-grammar/)

## Institutions

- [Shanghai Jiao Tong University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/shanghai-jiao-tong-university/) — University, Shanghai, China · 43 works · 12 961 citations

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{zhou2019head,
  title = {{Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Parsing on Penn Treebank}},
  author = {Zhou, Junru and Zhao, Hai},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2019},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/p19-1230},
  eprint = {1907.02684},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1230}
}
```

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