---
title: "Book Reviews — paper by Zitouni (2011) — summary and ideas"
description: "Habash describes Arabic, mainly Modern Standard Arabic with occasional notes on dialects, without assuming the reader… 7 references."
authors: ["Imed Zitouni"]
year: 2011
venue: "Computational Linguistics"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/J11-3008/"
doi: "10.1162/coli_r_00066"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zitouni-2011-book-reviews-introduction-arabic-natural/"
---
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# Book Reviews: Introduction to Arabic Natural Language Processing by Nizar Y. Habash

**Authors:** [Imed Zitouni](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/imed-zitouni/) · **Year:** 2011 · **Venue:** [Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/cl/) ([Computational Linguistics 2011](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/cl/2011/)) · **Publisher:** [The MIT Press](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/the-mit-press/) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/J11-3008/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/J11-3008.pdf) · [DOI 10.1162/coli\_r\_00066](https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_r_00066) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2009117226)

**Citations:** 4 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14)

## Summary
This is Imed Zitouni's review, in Computational Linguistics (2011), of Nizar Habash's *Introduction to Arabic Natural Language Processing* (Morgan & Claypool, Synthesis Lectures, 2010). The book addresses a gap: Arabic computational research has grown enormously, but newcomers lacked one compact text explaining the language from a computational angle. Habash describes Arabic, mainly Modern Standard Arabic with occasional notes on dialects, without assuming the reader knows it. He covers script and encoding, phonology and spelling, morphology, computational morphology tasks, syntax and treebanks, semantics, and machine translation. He focuses on issues specific to Arabic and leaves generic techniques such as core tagging or parsing algorithms to other sources. The book does not teach how to build systems. Instead, it maps the problems, available tools and resources, and the literature. Zitouni judges it clear, current and concise. He sees it as a valuable entry point for students, researchers and engineers, and its appendices and bibliography as useful guides to the field's resources.

## Key points
- The book has 167 pages in eight chapters plus five appendices. It is volume 10 of the Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies series, and the review notes Arabic has over 300 million native speakers.
- The script chapter covers encoding, input and display, orthographic normalization and transliteration schemes, including Buckwalter transliteration (a one-to-one mapping from Arabic to Latin characters).
- Morphology is the largest chapter. The tasks chapter covers analysis, generation, tokenization and POS tagging, and introduces the tools BAMA, MADA and AMIRA.
- The syntax chapter treats constructions such as Idafa and Tamyiz. It compares three treebanks: the Arabic Penn Treebank, the Prague Dependency Treebank and the Columbia Treebank.
- The appendices list repositories and networking resources (Appendix A), lexicons (Appendix C) and tools (Appendix D).

## Interesting ideas
- The book deliberately separates what is specific to a language from language-independent machinery, such as how rich morphology changes POS tagging, so the reader learns only what actually differs.
- Orthographic normalization and a reversible one-to-one transliteration are treated as basic preprocessing that any application needs before deeper analysis.
- Several treebanking projects with different annotation philosophies are set side by side and compared, rather than one being presented as the truth.
- A large share of the effort goes into untangling confusing terminology that the community uses inconsistently.
- Each topic ends with pointers to available tools, lexicons and key references, giving a resource map rather than recipes.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (tokens): Document the English-specific decisions in crate en (clitics like 's and n't, hyphenation, contractions) apart from the generic tagger code, so each language quirk is a visible, explainable rule.
- **I2** (tokens): Add an explicit, reversible normalization layer for quotes, dashes, Unicode variants and spelling variants, with the original string kept, so later explanations can point back to the exact input characters.
- **I3** (tree): Use such side-by-side comparisons of annotation schemes as a design checklist when converting between UD dialects, listing per construction where the schemes disagree.
- **I4** (world): Keep a glossary that maps each internal term (frame, role, state, holding) to one definition and its WordNet/FrameNet counterparts, so explanations and code use the same vocabulary.
- **I5** (learn): Keep a per-stage registry of external resources and witness parsers with notes on their scope, which makes it easier to pick silver-data sources and negative controls.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

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- [IBM](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/ibm/) — Company, Armonk, United States · 154 works · 72,606 citations
- [IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/ibm-research-thomas-j-watson-research-center/) — Research institute, Yorktown Heights, United States · 55 works · 49,277 citations

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## Cite

Cite as: Imed Zitouni. 2011. Book Reviews: Introduction to Arabic Natural Language Processing by Nizar Y. Habash. Computational Linguistics.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@article{zitouni2011book,
  title = {{Book Reviews: Introduction to Arabic Natural Language Processing by Nizar Y. Habash}},
  author = {Imed Zitouni},
  journal = {Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2011},
  doi = {10.1162/coli\_r\_00066},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_r_00066}
}
```

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## References

7 references, 1 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

1. Böhmová, Alena, Jan Hajič, Eva Hajičová, and Barbora Hladká. 2003. The PDT: A 3-level annotation scenario. In Anne Abeillé, editor, Treebanks: Building and Using Parsed Corpora. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pages 103–127. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Bo%CC%88hmova%CC%81%2C+Alena%2C+Jan+Hajic%CC%8C%2C+Eva+Hajic%CC%8Cova%CC%81%2C+and+Barbora+Hladka%CC%81%2E+2003%2E+The+PDT%3A+A+3%2Dlevel+annotation+scenario%2E+In+Anne+Abeille%CC%81%2C+editor%2C+Treebanks%3A+Building+and+Using+Parsed+Corpora%2E+Kluwer+Academic)
2. Diab, Mona. 2009. Second generation AMIRA tools for Arabic processing: Fast and robust tokenization, POS tagging, and base phrase chunking. In 2nd International Conference on Arabic Language Resources and Tools, Cairo. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Diab%2C+Mona%2E+2009%2E+Second+generation+AMIRA+tools+for+Arabic+processing%3A+Fast+and+robust+tokenization%2C+POS+tagging%2C+and+base+phrase+chunking%2E+In+2nd+International+Conference+on+Arabic+Language+Resources)
3. Farghaly, Ali and Khaled Shaalan. 2009. Arabic natural language processing: Challenges and solutions. ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing, 8(4) article 14. [↗](https://doi.org/10.1145/1644879.1644881)
4. Habash, Nizar, Reem Faraj, and Ryan Roth. 2009. Syntactic annotation in the Columbia This book review was edited by Pierre Isabelle. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Habash%2C+Nizar%2C+Reem+Faraj%2C+and+Ryan+Roth%2E+2009%2E+Syntactic+annotation+in+the+Columbia+This+book+review+was+edited+by+Pierre+Isabelle%2E)
5. Imed Zitouni is a researcher and member of the multilingual natural language processing group at IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. He received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Nancy 1 in 1996 and 2000, respectively. His research interests include language modeling, information extraction, machine translation, machine learning, and spoken dialogue systems; e-mail: izitouni@us.ibm.com. Book Reviews Arabic Treebank. In 2nd International Conference on Arabic Language Resources and Tools, Cairo. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Imed+Zitouni+is+a+researcher+and+member+of+the+multilingual+natural+language+processing+group+at+IBM+T%2E+J%2E+Watson+Research+Center%2E+He+received+his+M%2ESc%2E+and+Ph%2ED%2E+from+the+University+of+Nancy+1+in+199)
6. Maamouri, Mohamed, Ann Bies, Tim Buckwalter, and Wigdan Mekki. 2004. The Penn Arabic Treebank: Building a large-scale annotated Arabic corpus. In NEMLAR International Conference on Arabic Language Resources and Tools, Cairo. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Maamouri%2C+Mohamed%2C+Ann+Bies%2C+Tim+Buckwalter%2C+and+Wigdan+Mekki%2E+2004%2E+The+Penn+Arabic+Treebank%3A+Building+a+large%2Dscale+annotated+Arabic+corpus%2E+In+NEMLAR+International+Conference+on+Arabic+Language+Res)
7. Roth, Ryan, Owen Rambow, Nizar Habash, Mona Diab, and Cynthia Rudin. 2008. [Arabic morphological tagging, diacritization, and lemmatization using lexeme models and feature ranking](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/roth-2008-arabic-morphological-tagging-diacritization-lemmatization/). In Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Short papers, Columbus, OH, pages 117–120.

*Updated 1 November 2026*