--- title: "Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty — papers" description: "Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty: 27 papers of the Elamur Research library · page 1 of 2 · 1–25, the most cited first — our summary of each, its…" canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/decision-sciences/statistics-probability-and-uncertainty/" --- [Elamur Research](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/decision-sciences/statistics-probability-and-uncertainty/) [home](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [shelves](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/) / [Decision Sciences](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/decision-sciences/) / Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty # 🎯 Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty 27 papers · page 1 of 2 · 1–25 · the most cited first · [all shelves](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/) Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty is a subfield of Decision Sciences in the OpenAlex classification of science. The topics most of its papers here are on: «scientometrics and bibliometrics research», «Reliability and Agreement in Measurement», «Innovative Education Methods and Tools». ## Papers **1** [2](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/decision-sciences/statistics-probability-and-uncertainty/page/2/) [next →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/decision-sciences/statistics-probability-and-uncertainty/page/2/) 1. [**Assessing Agreement on Classification Tasks: The Kappa Statistic**Jean Carletta*1996 · 2,462 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/carletta-1996-assessing-agreement-classification-tasks-kappa/) 2. [**Survey Article: Inter-Coder Agreement for Computational Linguistics**Ron Artstein, Massimo Poesio*2008 · 1,770 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/artstein-2008-survey-article-inter-coder-agreement/) 3. [**Automatic classification of citation function**Simone Teufel, Advaith Siddharthan, Dan Tidhar*2006 · 516 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/teufel-2006-automatic-classification-citation-function/) 4. [**Construction of the Literature Graph in Semantic Scholar**Waleed Ammar, Dirk Groeneveld, Chandra Bhagavatula, et al.*2018 · 397 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ammar-2018-construction-literature-graph-semantic-scholar/) 5. [**The “Problem” of Human Label Variation: On Ground Truth in Data, Modeling and Evaluation**Barbara Plank*2022 · 364 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/plank-2022-problem-human-label-variation-ground/) 6. [**The ACL Anthology Reference Corpus: A Reference Dataset for Bibliographic Research in Computational Linguistics**Steven Bird, Robert Dale, Bonnie Dorr, et al.*2008 · 364 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bird-2008-acl-anthology-reference-corpus-reference/) 7. [**Measuring the Evolution of a Scientific Field through Citation Frames**David Jurgens, Srijan Kumar, Raine Hoover, et al.*2018 · 311 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/jurgens-2018-measuring-evolution-scientific-field-through/) 8. [**S2ORC: The Semantic Scholar Open Research Corpus**Kyle Lo, Lucy Lu Wang, Mark Neumann, et al.*2019 · 297 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lo-2019-s2orc-semantic-scholar-open-research/) 9. [**A Corpus with Multi-Level Annotations of Patients, Interventions and Outcomes to Support Language Processing for Medical Literature**Benjamin Nye, Junyi Jessy Li, Roma Patel, et al.*2018 · 293 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/nye-2018-corpus-multi-level-annotations-patients/) 10. [**Structural Scaffolds for Citation Intent Classification in Scientific Publications**Arman Cohan, Waleed Ammar, Madeleine van Zuylen, et al.*2019 · 287 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/cohan-2019-structural-scaffolds-citation-intent-classification/) 11. [**Best-Worst Scaling More Reliable than Rating Scales: A Case Study on Sentiment Intensity Annotation**Svetlana Kiritchenko, Saif Mohammad*2017 · 282 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kiritchenko-2017-best-worst-scaling-more-reliable/) 12. [**The Benefits of a Model of Annotation**Rebecca J. Passonneau, Bob Carpenter*2014 · 238 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/passonneau-2014-benefits-model-annotation/) 13. [**Measuring Agreement on Set-valued Items (MASI) for Semantic and Pragmatic Annotation**Rebecca Passonneau*2006 · 222 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/passonneau-2006-measuring-agreement-set-valued-items/) 14. [**We Need to Consider Disagreement in Evaluation**Valerio Basile, Michael Fell, Tommaso Fornaciari, et al.*2021 · 185 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/basile-2021-we-need-consider-disagreement-evaluation/) 15. [**The Reliability of Anaphoric Annotation, Reconsidered: Taking Ambiguity into Account**Massimo Poesio, Ron Artstein*2005 · 75 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/poesio-2005-reliability-anaphoric-annotation-reconsidered-taking/) 16. [**Evaluating Inter-Annotator Agreement on Historical Spelling Normalization**Marcel Bollmann, Stefanie Dipper, Florian Petran*2016 · 4 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bollmann-2016-evaluating-inter-annotator-agreement-historical/) 17. [**Development of the Arabic Grammar (Nahwu) Textbook Al-Ajurumiyyah Al-Qur'aniyyah based on the Scaffolding-Structure**Zahrotul Muzdalifah, Moh. Khasairi, Kholisin Kholisin*2021 · 2 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/muzdalifah-2021-development-arabic-grammar-nahwu-textbook/) 18. [**Is This Idea Novel? An Automated Benchmark for Judgment of Research Ideas**Tim Schopf, Michael Färber*2026 · 1 citation*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/schopf-2026-is-this-idea-novel-automated/) 19. [**Large Language Models for Citation Function Classification**Daniel Vodička, Pavel Kral, Christophe Cerisara, et al.*2026 · 1 citation*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/vodicka-2026-large-language-models-citation-function/) 20. [**When Consistency Becomes Bias: Interviewer Effects in Semi-Structured Clinical Interviews**Hasindri Watawana, Sergio Burdisso, Diego A. Moreno-Galván, et al.*2026 · 1 citation*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/watawana-2026-when-consistency-becomes-bias-interviewer/) 21. [**A Bibliometric Analysis of Arabic Grammar in Language Learning: Trends, Patterns, and Research Frontiers**Septika Rudiamon, Beni Husmansyah, Mu'amar Aziz, et al.*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/rudiamon-2026-bibliometric-analysis-arabic-grammar-language/) 22. [**Best-Worst Scaling of Hype in Biomedical Research: Building an Intensity Lexicon of Promotional Adjectives**Neil Millar, Dipesh Satav, Bojan Batalo, et al.*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/millar-2026-best-worst-scaling-hype-biomedical/) 23. [**Development of an Arabic Grammar Instructional Medium Based on Illustrated Stories in Elementary School**Siti Nurhayati Solihah, Moch Mu'izzuddin, Ahmad Habibi Syahid, et al.*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/solihah-2026-development-arabic-grammar-instructional-medium/) 24. [**Disentangling Annotator Skill from Verifier Strictness in Cross-Verified Dialogue Annotation**Zihao Tao, John A. Prado, Ignazio Steven LaManna, et al.*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/tao-2026-disentangling-annotator-skill-verifier-strictness/) 25. [**From Noise to Signal: When Outliers Seed New Topics**Evangelia Zve, Gauvain Bourgne, Benjamin Icard, et al.*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zve-2026-noise-signal-when-outliers-seed/) **1** [2](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/decision-sciences/statistics-probability-and-uncertainty/page/2/) [next →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/decision-sciences/statistics-probability-and-uncertainty/page/2/) Updated 23 October 2026 - [← previous subfield Management Science and Operations Research](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/decision-sciences/management-science-and-operations-research/) - [↑ back to Decision Sciences](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/decision-sciences/)