---
title: "Social Sciences — papers, page 5 — Elamur Research"
description: "Social Sciences: 744 papers of the Elamur Research library · page 5 of 9 · 326–425, the most cited first — our summary of each, its ideas…"
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# 🤝 Social Sciences

744 papers · page 5 of 9 · 326–425 · the most cited first · [all shelves](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/)

Society, politics, law, education, communication, geography and the study of language in use.

## Papers (744)

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326. [**LEXTREME: A Multi-Lingual and Multi-Task Benchmark for the Legal Domain**Joel Niklaus, Veton Matoshi, Pooja Rani, et al.*2023 · 123 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/niklaus-2023-lextreme-multi-lingual-multi-task/)
327. [**The Moral Integrity Corpus: A Benchmark for Ethical Dialogue Systems**Caleb Ziems, Jane A. Yu, Yi-Chia Wang, et al.*2022 · 121 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ziems-2022-moral-integrity-corpus-benchmark-ethical/)
328. [**Fine-tuning Language Models for Factuality**Katherine Tian, Eric Mitchell, Huaxiu Yao, et al.*2023 · 120 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/tian-2023-fine-tuning-language-models-factuality/)
329. [**On Measuring Gender Bias in Translation of Gender-neutral Pronouns**Won Ik Cho, Ji Won Kim, Seok Min Kim, et al.*2019 · 120 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/cho-2019-measuring-gender-bias-translation-gender/)
330. [**Knowledge of cultural moral norms in large language models**Aida Ramezani, Yang Xu*2023 · 119 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ramezani-2023-knowledge-cultural-moral-norms-large/)
331. [**Overview of the WANLP 2022 Shared Task on Propaganda Detection in Arabic**Firoj Alam, Hamdy Mubarak, Wajdi Zaghouani, et al.*2022 · 119 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alam-2022-overview-wanlp-2022-shared-task/)
332. [**X-Fact: A New Benchmark Dataset for Multilingual Fact Checking**Ashim Gupta, Vivek Srikumar*2021 · 119 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/gupta-2021-x-fact-new-benchmark-dataset/)
333. [**Human-in-the-Loop for Data Collection: a Multi-Target Counter Narrative Dataset to Fight Online Hate Speech**Margherita Fanton, Helena Bonaldi, Serra Sinem Tekiroğlu, et al.*2021 · 118 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/fanton-2021-human-loop-data-collection-multi/)
334. [**Intrinsic Bias Metrics Do Not Correlate with Application Bias**Seraphina Goldfarb-Tarrant, Rebecca Marchant, Ricardo Muñoz Sánchez, et al.*2021 · 116 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/tarrant-2021-intrinsic-bias-metrics-do-not/)
335. [**Unmasking Contextual Stereotypes: Measuring and Mitigating BERT's Gender Bias**Marion Bartl, Malvina Nissim, Albert Gatt*2020 · 115 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bartl-2020-unmasking-contextual-stereotypes-measuring-mitigating/)
336. [**TwoWingOS: A Two-Wing Optimization Strategy for Evidential Claim Verification**Wenpeng Yin, Dan Roth*2018 · 114 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/yin-2018-twowingos-two-wing-optimization-strategy/)
337. [**Fundamental Limitations of Alignment in Large Language Models**Yotam Wolf, Noam Wies, Oshri Avnery, et al.*2023 · 110 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wolf-2023-fundamental-limitations-alignment-large-language/)
338. [**Deliberative Alignment: Reasoning Enables Safer Language Models**Melody Y. Guan, Manas Joglekar, Eric Wallace, et al.*2024 · 109 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/guan-2024-deliberative-alignment-reasoning-enables-safer/)
339. [**Large Language Models Enable Few-Shot Clustering**Vijay Viswanathan, Kiril Gashteovski, Carolin Lawrence, et al.*2024 · 109 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/viswanathan-2024-large-language-models-enable-few/)
340. [**Overview of OSACT4 Arabic Offensive Language Detection Shared Task**Hamdy Mubarak, Kareem Darwish, Walid Magdy, et al.*2020 · 109 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mubarak-2020-overview-osact4-arabic-offensive-language/)
341. [**Evolution of the most common English words and phrases over the centuries**Matjaz Perc*2012 · 109 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/perc-2012-evolution-most-common-english-words/)
342. [**GPT detectors are biased against non-native English writers**Weixin Liang, Mert Yuksekgonul, Yining Mao, et al.*2023 · 108 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/liang-2023-gpt-detectors-biased-against-non/)
343. [**French CrowS-Pairs: Extending a challenge dataset for measuring social bias in masked language models to a language other than English**Aurélie Névéol, Yoann Dupont, Julien Bezançon, et al.*2022 · 107 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/neveol-2022-french-crows-pairs-extending-challenge/)
344. [**End-to-End Bias Mitigation by Modelling Biases in Corpora**Rabeeh Karimi Mahabadi, Yonatan Belinkov, James Henderson*2020 · 107 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mahabadi-2020-end-end-bias-mitigation-modelling/)
345. [**LEDGAR: A Large-Scale Multi-label Corpus for Text Classification of Legal Provisions in Contracts**Don Tuggener, Pius von Däniken, Thomas Peetz, et al.*2020 · 107 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/tuggener-2020-ledgar-large-scale-multi-label/)
346. [**Offensive Language and Hate Speech Detection for Danish**Gudbjartur Ingi Sigurbergsson, Leon Derczynski*2020 · 107 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sigurbergsson-2020-offensive-language-hate-speech-detection/)
347. [**Internal and external dynamics in language: Evidence from verb regularity in a historical corpus of English**Christine F. Cuskley, Martina Pugliese, Claudio Castellano, et al.*2014 · 105 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/cuskley-2014-internal-external-dynamics-language-evidence/)
348. [**Survey of Cultural Awareness in Language Models: Text and Beyond**Siddhesh Pawar, Junyeong Park, Jiho Jin, et al.*2025 · 104 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/pawar-2025-survey-cultural-awareness-language-models/)
349. [**Findings of the Shared Task on Offensive Language Identification in Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada**Bharathi Raja Chakravarthi, Ruba Priyadharshini, Navya Jose, et al.*2021 · 103 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/chakravarthi-2021-findings-shared-task-offensive-language/)
350. [**On the Safety of Conversational Models: Taxonomy, Dataset, and Benchmark**Hao Sun, Guangxuan Xu, Jiawen Deng, et al.*2022 · 102 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sun-2022-safety-conversational-models-taxonomy-dataset/)
351. [**Racial Disparity in Natural Language Processing: A Case Study of Social Media African-American English**Su Lin Blodgett, Brendan O'Connor*2017 · 102 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/blodgett-2017-racial-disparity-natural-language-processing/)
352. [**The Lie Detector: Explorations in the Automatic Recognition of Deceptive Language**Rada Mihalcea, Carlo Strapparava*2009 · 102 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mihalcea-2009-lie-detector-explorations-automatic-recognition/)
353. [**On the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Fairness Evaluation Metrics for Contextualized Language Representations**Yang Trista Cao, Yada Pruksachatkun, Kai-Wei Chang, et al.*2022 · 100 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/cao-2022-intrinsic-extrinsic-fairness-evaluation-metrics/)
354. [**CoAnnotating: Uncertainty-Guided Work Allocation between Human and Large Language Models for Data Annotation**Minzhi Li, Taiwei Shi, Caleb Ziems, et al.*2023 · 98 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/li-2023-coannotating-uncertainty-guided-work-allocation/)
355. [**R-Judge: Benchmarking Safety Risk Awareness for LLM Agents**Tongxin Yuan, Zhiwei He, Lingzhong Dong, et al.*2024 · 97 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/yuan-2024-r-judge-benchmarking-safety-risk/)
356. [**DialFact: A Benchmark for Fact-Checking in Dialogue**Prakhar Gupta, Chien-Sheng Wu, Wenhao Liu, et al.*2022 · 97 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/gupta-2022-dialfact-benchmark-fact-checking-dialogue/)
357. [**Modeling Framing in Immigration Discourse on Social Media**Julia Mendelsohn, Ceren Budak, David Jurgens*2021 · 97 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mendelsohn-2021-modeling-framing-immigration-discourse-social/)
358. [**Fine-grained Hallucination Detection and Editing for Language Models**Abhika Mishra, Akari Asai, Vidhisha Balachandran, et al.*2024 · 96 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mishra-2024-fine-grained-hallucination-detection-editing/)
359. [**Emojis as Anchors to Detect Arabic Offensive Language and Hate Speech**Hamdy Mubarak, Sabit Hassan, Shammur Absar Chowdhury*2022 · 96 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mubarak-2022-emojis-anchors-detect-arabic-offensive/)
360. [**Fact-Checking the Output of Large Language Models via Token-Level Uncertainty Quantification**Ekaterina Fadeeva, Aleksandr Rubashevskii, Artem Shelmanov, et al.*2024 · 95 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/fadeeva-2024-fact-checking-output-large-language/)
361. [**Moral Foundations of Large Language Models**Marwa Abdulhai, Gregory Serapio-García, Clement Crepy, et al.*2024 · 94 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/abdulhai-2024-moral-foundations-large-language-models/)
362. [**SciFact-Open: Towards open-domain scientific claim verification**David Wadden, Kyle Lo, Bailey Kuehl, et al.*2022 · 93 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wadden-2022-scifact-open-open-domain-scientific/)
363. [**Do-Not-Answer: Evaluating Safeguards in LLMs**Yuxia Wang, Haonan Li, Xudong Han, et al.*2024 · 91 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wang-2024-do-not-answer-evaluating-safeguards/)
364. [**Aligning Language Models to User Opinions**EunJeong Hwang, Bodhisattwa Majumder, Niket Tandon*2023 · 90 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hwang-2023-aligning-language-models-user-opinions/)
365. [**Arabic Fake News Detection Based on Deep Contextualized Embedding Models**Ali Bou Nassif, Ashraf Elnagar, Omar Elgendy, et al.*2022 · 90 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/nassif-2022-arabic-fake-news-detection-based/)
366. [**POTATO: The Portable Text Annotation Tool**Jiaxin Pei, Aparna Ananthasubramaniam, Xingyao Wang, et al.*2022 · 89 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/pei-2022-potato-portable-text-annotation-tool/)
367. [**NLPositionality: Characterizing Design Biases of Datasets and Models**Sebastin Santy, Jenny Liang, Ronan Le Bras, et al.*2023 · 88 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/santy-2023-nlpositionality-characterizing-design-biases-datasets/)
368. [**Singular \<i>they\</i> and the syntactic representation of gender in English**Bronwyn M. Bjorkman*2017 · 88 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bjorkman-2017-singular-i-they-i-syntactic/)
369. [**Self-Checker: Plug-and-Play Modules for Fact-Checking with Large Language Models**Miaoran Li, Baolin Peng, Michel Galley, et al.*2024 · 87 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/li-2024-self-checker-plug-play-modules/)
370. [**Language Generation Models Can Cause Harm: So What Can We Do About It? An Actionable Survey**Sachin Kumar, Vidhisha Balachandran, Lucille Njoo, et al.*2023 · 87 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kumar-2023-language-generation-models-can-cause/)
371. [**Labeled LDA: A supervised topic model for credit attribution in multi-labeled corpora**Daniel Ramage, David Hall, Ramesh Nallapati, et al.*2009 · 86 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ramage-2009-labeled-lda-supervised-topic-model/)
372. [**Complex Claim Verification with Evidence Retrieved in the Wild**Jifan Chen, Grace Kim, Aniruddh Sriram, et al.*2024 · 84 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/chen-2024-complex-claim-verification-evidence-retrieved/)
373. [**Machine Unlearning of Pre-trained Large Language Models**Jin Yao, Eli Chien, Minxin Du, et al.*2024 · 84 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/yao-2024-machine-unlearning-pre-trained-large/)
374. [**ORCA: A Challenging Benchmark for Arabic Language Understanding**AbdelRahim Elmadany, ElMoatez Billah Nagoudi, Muhammad Abdul-Mageed*2023 · 83 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/elmadany-2023-orca-challenging-benchmark-arabic-language/)
375. [**Collecting a Large-Scale Gender Bias Dataset for Coreference Resolution and Machine Translation**Shahar Levy, Koren Lazar, Gabriel Stanovsky*2021 · 82 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/levy-2021-collecting-large-scale-gender-bias/)
376. [**PKU-SafeRLHF: Towards Multi-Level Safety Alignment for LLMs with Human Preference**Jiaming Ji, Donghai Hong, Borong Zhang, et al.*2025 · 81 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ji-2025-pku-saferlhf-multi-level-safety/)
377. [**Behind the Article: Recognizing Dialog Acts in Wikipedia Talk Pages**Oliver Ferschke, Iryna Gurevych, Yevgen Chebotar*2012 · 81 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ferschke-2012-behind-article-recognizing-dialog-acts/)
378. [**Generating Benchmarks for Factuality Evaluation of Language Models**Dor Muhlgay, Ori Ram, Inbal Magar, et al.*2024 · 79 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/muhlgay-2024-generating-benchmarks-factuality-evaluation-language/)
379. [**Humans or LLMs as the Judge? A Study on Judgement Biases**Guiming Hardy Chen, Shunian Chen, Ziche Liu, et al.*2024 · 77 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/chen-2024-humans-llms-judge-study-judgement/)
380. [**KoBBQ: Korean Bias Benchmark for Question Answering**Jiho Jin, Jiseon Kim, Nayeon Lee, et al.*2024 · 77 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/jin-2024-kobbq-korean-bias-benchmark-question/)
381. [**LAraBench: Benchmarking Arabic AI with Large Language Models**Ahmed Abdelali, Hamdy Mubarak, Shammur Absar Chowdhury, et al.*2024 · 77 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/abdelali-2024-larabench-benchmarking-arabic-ai-large/)
382. [**Do-Not-Answer: A Dataset for Evaluating Safeguards in LLMs**Yuxia Wang, Haonan Li, Xudong Han, et al.*2023 · 76 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wang-2023-answer-dataset-evaluating-safeguards-llms/)
383. [**Stance Detection in Fake News A Combined Feature Representation**Bilal Ghanem, Paolo Rosso, Francisco Rangel*2018 · 74 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ghanem-2018-stance-detection-fake-news-combined/)
384. [**Cultural Alignment in Large Language Models: An Explanatory Analysis Based on Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions**Reem I. Masoud, Ziquan Liu, Martin Ferianc, et al.*2025 · 73 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/masoud-2025-cultural-alignment-large-language-models/)
385. [**OR-Bench: An Over-Refusal Benchmark for Large Language Models**Justin Cui, Wei-Lin Chiang, Ion Stoica, et al.*2024 · 73 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/cui-2024-bench-over-refusal-benchmark-large/)
386. [**Hate Towards the Political Opponent: A Twitter Corpus Study of the 2020 US Elections on the Basis of Offensive Speech and Stance Detection**Lara Grimminger, Roman Klinger*2021 · 73 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/grimminger-2021-hate-political-opponent-twitter-corpus/)
387. [**Self-Preference Bias in LLM-as-a-Judge**Koki Wataoka, Tsubasa Takahashi, Ryokan Ri*2024 · 72 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wataoka-2024-self-preference-bias-llm-judge/)
388. [**LLMs Assist NLP Researchers: Critique Paper (Meta-)Reviewing**Jiangshu Du, Yibo Wang, Wenting Zhao, et al.*2024 · 71 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/du-2024-llms-assist-nlp-researchers-critique/)
389. [**They, Them, Theirs: Rewriting with Gender-Neutral English**Tony Sun, Kellie Webster, Apu Shah, et al.*2021 · 71 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sun-2021-they-them-theirs-rewriting-gender/)
390. [**Toward Gender-Inclusive Coreference Resolution: An Analysis of Gender and Bias Throughout the Machine Learning Lifecycle***Yang Trista Cao, Hal Daumé III*2021 · 71 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/cao-2021-gender-inclusive-coreference-resolution-analysis/)
391. [**POLITICS: Pretraining with Same-story Article Comparison for Ideology Prediction and Stance Detection**Yujian Liu, Xinliang Frederick Zhang, David Wegsman, et al.*2022 · 70 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/liu-2022-politics-pretraining-same-story-article/)
392. [**VeriScore: Evaluating the factuality of verifiable claims in long-form text generation**Yixiao Song, Yekyung Kim, Mohit Iyyer*2024 · 69 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/song-2024-veriscore-evaluating-factuality-verifiable-claims/)
393. [**Sensitivity, Performance, Robustness: Deconstructing the Effect of Sociodemographic Prompting**Tilman Beck, Hendrik Schuff, Anne Lauscher, et al.*2024 · 68 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/beck-2024-sensitivity-performance-robustness-deconstructing-effect/)
394. [**FORK: A Bite-Sized Test Set for Probing Culinary Cultural Biases in Commonsense Reasoning Models**Shramay Palta, Rachel Rudinger*2023 · 67 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/palta-2023-fork-bite-sized-test-set/)
395. [**Characterizing the dynamics of learning in repeated reference games**Robert D. Hawkins, Michael C. Frank, Noah D. Goodman*2019 · 67 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hawkins-2019-characterizing-dynamics-learning-repeated-reference/)
396. [**A Multi-Platform Arabic News Comment Dataset for Offensive Language Detection**Shammur Absar Chowdhury, Hamdy Mubarak, Ahmed Abdelali, et al.*2020 · 64 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/chowdhury-2020-multi-platform-arabic-news-comment/)
397. [**The Pragmatics behind Politics: Modelling Metaphor, Framing and Emotion in Political Discourse**Pere-Lluís Huguet Cabot, Verna Dankers, David Abadi, et al.*2020 · 64 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/cabot-2020-pragmatics-behind-politics-modelling-metaphor/)
398. [**CValues: Measuring the Values of Chinese Large Language Models from Safety to Responsibility**Guohai Xu, Jiayi Liu, Ming Yan, et al.*2023 · 63 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/xu-2023-cvalues-measuring-values-chinese/)
399. [**LegalAgentBench: Evaluating LLM Agents in Legal Domain**Haitao Li, Junjie Chen, Jingli Yang, et al.*2025 · 60 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/li-2025-legalagentbench-evaluating-llm-agents-legal/)
400. [**Detecting Disagreement in Conversations using Pseudo-Monologic Rhetorical Structure**Kelsey Allen, Giuseppe Carenini, Raymond Ng*2014 · 60 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/allen-2014-detecting-disagreement-conversations-pseudo-monologic/)
401. [**Artie Bias Corpus: An Open Dataset for Detecting Demographic Bias in Speech Applications**Josh Meyer, Lindy Rauchenstein, Joshua D. Eisenberg, et al.*2020 · 53 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/meyer-2020-artie-bias-corpus-open-dataset/)
402. [**Overview of the HASOC Subtrack at FIRE 2021: Hate Speech and Offensive Content Identification in English and Indo-Aryan Languages**Thomas Mandl, Sandip Modha, Gautam Kishore Shahi, et al.*2021 · 48 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mandl-2021-overview-hasoc-subtrack-fire-2021/)
403. [**Large Arabic Twitter Dataset on COVID-19**Sarah Alqurashi, Ahmad Alhindi, Eisa Alanazi*2020 · 46 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alqurashi-2020-large-arabic-twitter-dataset-covid/)
404. [**Exploring Text-transformers in AAAI 2021 Shared Task: COVID-19 Fake News Detection in English**Xiangyang Li, Yu Xia, Xiang Long, et al.*2021 · 44 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/li-2021-exploring-text-transformers-aaai-2021/)
405. [**ArMIS - The Arabic Misogyny and Sexism Corpus with Annotator Subjective Disagreements**Dina Almanea, Massimo Poesio*2022 · 42 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/almanea-2022-armis-arabic-misogyny-sexism-corpus/)
406. [**AraStance: A Multi-Country and Multi-Domain Dataset of Arabic Stance Detection for Fact Checking**Tariq Alhindi, Amal Alabdulkarim, Ali Alshehri, et al.*2021 · 41 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alhindi-2021-arastance-multi-country-multi-domain/)
407. [**Automatic Error Type Annotation for Arabic**Riadh Belkebir, Nizar Habash*2021 · 41 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/belkebir-2021-automatic-error-type-annotation-arabic/)
408. [**A Few Topical Tweets are Enough for Effective User Stance Detection**Younes Samih, Kareem Darwish*2021 · 40 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/samih-2021-few-topical-tweets-are-enough/)
409. [**Hedge Detection as a Lens on Framing in the GMO Debates: A Position Paper**Eunsol Choi, Chenhao Tan, Lillian Lee, et al.*2012 · 39 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/choi-2012-hedge-detection-as-lens-framing/)
410. [**Patterns in the English Language: Phonological Networks, Percolation and Assembly Models**Massimo Stella, Markus Brede*2014 · 38 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/stella-2014-patterns-english-language-phonological-networks/)
411. [**Mitigating Racial Biases in Toxic Language Detection with an Equity-Based Ensemble Framework**Matan Halevy, Camille Harris, Amy Bruckman, et al.*2021 · 36 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/halevy-2021-mitigating-racial-biases-toxic-language/)
412. [**Varieties of English and Kachru’s Expanding Circle**Zoya G. Proshina, Cecil L. Nelson*2020 · 32 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/proshina-2020-varieties-english-kachrus-expanding-circle/)
413. [**A Spelling Correction Corpus for Multiple Arabic Dialects**Fadhl Eryani, Nizar Habash, Houda Bouamor, et al.*2020 · 31 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/eryani-2020-spelling-correction-corpus-multiple-arabic/)
414. [**The SAMER Arabic Text Simplification Corpus**Bashar Alhafni, Reem Hazim, Juan David Pineros Liberato, et al.*2024 · 30 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alhafni-2024-samer-arabic-text-simplification-corpus/)
415. [**Prediction of Arabic Legal Rulings using Large Language Models**Adel Ammar, Anis Koubaa, Bilel Benjdira, et al.*2023 · 27 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ammar-2023-prediction-arabic-legal-rulings-using/)
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