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# 🛡️ Bias, fairness & safety

161 papers · page 3 of 3 · 126–161 · the most cited first · [all topics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/)

Harmful outputs, social bias and the alignment of language systems with human values.

[← prev](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/bias-fairness-safety/page/2/) [1](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/bias-fairness-safety/) [2](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/bias-fairness-safety/page/2/) **3**

126. [**Gender Bias Evaluation in Machine Translation for Amharic, Tigrigna, and Afaan Oromoo**Walelign Sewunetie, Atnafu Tonja, Tadesse Belay, et al.*2024 · 5 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sewunetie-2024-gender-bias-evaluation-machine-translation/)
127. [**Ensemble of pre-trained language models and data augmentation for hate speech detection from Arabic tweets**Kheir Eddine Daouadi, Yaakoub Boualleg, Kheir Eddine Haouaouchi*2024 · 4 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/daouadi-2024-ensemble-pre-trained-language-models/)
128. [**Hate speech detection in algerian dialect using deep learning**Dihia Lanasri, Juan Olano, Sifal Klioui, et al.*2023 · 4 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lanasri-2023-hate-speech-detection-algerian-dialect/)
129. [**KZ-SafetyPrompts: A Kazakh Safety Evaluation Prompt Dataset for Large Language Models**Wajdi Zaghouani, Shimaa Amer Ibrahim, Aruzhan Muratbek, et al.*2026 · 2 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zaghouani-2026-kz-safetyprompts-kazakh-safety-evaluation/)
130. [**UI-Level Evaluation of ALLaM 34B: Measuring an Arabic-Centric LLM via HUMAIN Chat**Omer Nacar*2025 · 2 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/nacar-2025-ui-level-evaluation-allam-34b/)
131. [**AraTar: A Corpus to Support the Fine-grained Detection of Hate Speech Targets in the Arabic Language**Seham Alghamdi, Youcef Benkhedda, Basma Alharbi, et al.*2024 · 2 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alghamdi-2024-aratar-corpus-support-fine-grained/)
132. [**Roadblocks in Gender Bias Measurement for Diachronic Corpora**Saied Alshahrani, Esma Wali, Abdullah R Alshamsan, et al.*2022 · 2 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alshahrani-2022-roadblocks-gender-bias-measurement-diachronic/)
133. [**AlbanianLLMSafety: A Safety Evaluation Dataset for Large Language Models in Albanian**Wajdi Zaghouani, Kholoud Khalil Aldous, Isra Fejzullaj*2026 · 1 citation*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zaghouani-2026-albanianllmsafety-safety-evaluation-dataset-large/)
134. [**ArabicDialectSafety: A Dialect-Aware Benchmark for Arabic Content Safety Classification**Wajdi Zaghouani, Md. Rafiul Biswas, Kholoud Khalil Aldous, et al.*2026 · 1 citation*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zaghouani-2026-arabicdialectsafety-dialect-aware-benchmark-arabic/)
135. [**Uncertainty Quantification for Evaluating Gender Bias in Machine Translation**Ieva Staliunaite, Julius Cheng, Andreas Vlachos*2026 · 1 citation*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/staliunaite-2026-uncertainty-quantification-evaluating-gender-bias/)
136. [**A Comparative Benchmark of a Moroccan Darija Toxicity Detection Model (Typica.ai) and Major LLM-Based Moderation APIs (OpenAI, Mistral, Anthropic)**Hicham Assoudi*2025 · 1 citation*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/assoudi-2025-comparative-benchmark-moroccan-darija-toxicity/)
137. [**HAMSA: Hijacking Aligned Compact Models via Stealthy Automation**Alexey Krylov, Iskander Vagizov, Dmitrii Korzh, et al.*2025 · 1 citation*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/krylov-2025-hamsa-hijacking-aligned-compact-models/)
138. [**MLInitiative at CASE 2025: Multimodal Detection of Hate Speech, Humor,and Stance using Transformers**Ashish Acharya, Ankit Bk, Bikram K.C., et al.*2025 · 1 citation*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/acharya-2025-mlinitiative-case-2025-multimodal-detection/)
139. [**A Chinese Challenge Set to Assess Gender Bias in Automated Translation**Xiaolan Xu, Sara Mendes, Yu-Yin Hsu*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/xu-2026-chinese-challenge-set-assess-gender/)
140. [**A Multilingual Red Teaming–Driven Safety Analysis of LLMs**Patrícia Pandeiro, Vera Cabarrão, Helena Moniz*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/pandeiro-2026-multilingual-red-teaming-driven-safety/)
141. [**A Sociophonetic Analysis of Racial Bias in Commercial ASR Systems Using the Pacific Northwest English Corpus**Michael Scott, Siyu Liang, Alicia Wassink, et al.*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/scott-2026-sociophonetic-analysis-racial-bias-commercial/)
142. [**AI Safety Lost in Translation: Evaluating the Effectiveness of English-Italian Cross-Lingual LLM Safety Alignment**Alessio Wu, Martim Brandao*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wu-2026-ai-safety-lost-translation-evaluating/)
143. [**AnswerCarefully: Creating a Dataset for LLM Safety in Japanese**Hisami Suzuki, Satoru Katsumata, Takashi Kodama, et al.*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/suzuki-2026-answercarefully-creating-dataset-llm-safety/)
144. [**Arabic Safety Alignment as Selective Refusal: An Empirical Study of SFT, DPO, and Guard Calibration**Mohamad Zbib, Ammar Mohanna*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zbib-2026-arabic-safety-alignment-selective-refusal/)
145. [**Are Social Biases in LLMs Consistent across Generative Tasks? A Case Study for Basque**Muitze Zulaika, Xabier Saralegi, Julia Shershneva, et al.*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zulaika-2026-are-social-biases-llms-consistent/)
146. [**ArGuard Shared Task: Harmful Content Detection in Arabic Memes and LLM Prompts**Firoj Alam, Md. Rafiul Biswas, Mohamed Bayan Kmainasi, et al.*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alam-2026-arguard-shared-task-harmful-content/)
147. [**Explainable AI for Ethical Counter Speech Generation in Hate Speech Mitigation**Ashiful Islam Ridoy, Mohammed Faisal, Yogesh Kumar, et al.*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ridoy-2026-explainable-ai-ethical-counter-speech/)
148. [**HatePrototypes: Interpretable and Transferable Representations for Implicit and Explicit Hate Speech Detection**Irina Proskurina, Marc-Antoine Carpentier, Julien Velcin*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/proskurina-2026-hateprototypes-interpretable-transferable-representations-implicit/)
149. [**Investigating How LLMs Propagate Female Stereotypes: Comparing What Models Say via Prompts with What They Represent in Their Embeddings**Andrea Valderrey Nuñez, Jelke Bloem*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/nunez-2026-investigating-how-llms-propagate-female/)
150. [**KOCOH: Korean Context-Dependent Hate Speech Dataset**Eunah Park, Sanghoun Song*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/park-2026-kocoh-korean-context-dependent-hate/)
151. [**Leveraging Semi-Supervised Learning for Multimodal Hate Speech Data Annotation and Detection**Rathi Adarshi Rammohan, Zhao Ren, Dominik Puchała, et al.*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/rammohan-2026-leveraging-semi-supervised-learning-multimodal/)
152. [**Mind the Language Gap: Assessing LLM Safety in Italian**Elena Marafatto, Roberto Navigli*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/marafatto-2026-mind-language-gap-assessing-llm/)
153. [**SalamahBench: Dialect and Category Level Safety Evaluation of Arabic Language Models**Omar Abdelnasser, Fatemah Alharbi, Khaled Khasawneh, et al.*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/abdelnasser-2026-salamahbench-dialect-category-level-safety/)
154. [**Towards Reliable AI Fairness: Challenges in Steering Features within Bias-Implicated Neurons**Ismael Garrido-Munoz, Arturo Montejo-Raez, Fernando Martínez-Santiago*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/munoz-2026-reliable-ai-fairness-challenges-steering/)
155. [**Toxic Subword Pruning for Dialogue Response Generation on Large Language Models**Hongyuan Adam Lu, Wai Lam*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lu-2026-toxic-subword-pruning-dialogue-response/)
156. [**TryggLLM: A Benchmark for Evaluating LLM Safety in Norwegian**Samia Touileb, Truls Pedersen, Isabell Stinessen Haugen*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/touileb-2026-tryggllm-benchmark-evaluating-llm-safety/)
157. [**Whose Pragmatics? Cultural Grounding as a Bottleneck for Stereotype Detection in Egyptian Arabic Social Media**Samar A. Assem*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/assem-2026-whose-pragmatics-cultural-grounding-as/)
158. [**Arabic Hate Speech Identification and Masking in Social Media using Deep Learning Models and Pre-trained Models Fine-tuning**Salam Thabet Doghmash, Motaz Saad*2025*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/doghmash-2025-arabic-hate-speech-identification-masking/)
159. [**Hate Speech Detection and Classification in Amharic Text with Deep Learning**Samuel Minale Gashe, Seid Muhie Yimam, Yaregal Assabie*2024*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/gashe-2024-hate-speech-detection-classification-amharic/)
160. [**Jailbreak Attack for Large Language Models: A Survey (面向大语言模型的越狱攻击综述)**Nan Li (李南), Yidong Ding (丁益东), Haoyu Jiang (江浩宇), et al.*2024*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/li-2024-jailbreak-attack-large/)
161. [**Construction of Chinese Sentence-Level Gender-Unbiased Data Set and Evaluation of Gender Bias in Pre-Training Language Model (中文句子级性别无偏数据集构建及预训练语言模型的性别偏度评估)**Jishun Zhao (赵继舜), Bingjie Du (杜冰洁), Pengyuan Liu (刘鹏远), et al.*2023*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhao-2023-construction-chinese-sentence/)

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