---
title: "Part-of-speech (POS) tagging — papers and Mova"
description: "Part-of-speech (POS) tagging in plain words: noun, verb or adjective for every word in context, Mova's perceptron tagger and its accuracy, and our cards."
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/part-of-speech-tagging/"
---
[Elamur Research](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/part-of-speech-tagging/)

[home](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [topics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/) / Part-of-speech tagging

# Part-of-speech tagging

80 paper cards from the Research library · 2 of them with an idea Mova measured or kept

## What it is

Part-of-speech tagging gives every word of a sentence its word class: noun, verb, adjective, preposition and so on, often with finer tags for number, tense or person. The difficulty is ambiguity: «book» is a noun in «a good book» and a verb in «book a table», and the tagger must decide from the context.

Taggers learned from annotated text have been accurate since the 1990s — hidden Markov models such as TnT, then perceptrons and neural networks — reaching about 97% of words right on news text in English. Unknown words and other kinds of text, from tweets to old books, are where they still go wrong.

## How Mova does it

Mova's English tagger is an averaged perceptron over the word, its neighbours, suffixes, prefixes, word shape and a dictionary compiled into the code, with a beam of 8; unknown words get a prior from a TnT-style trigram model. It tags 94.35% of the words of the English Web Treebank right.

- [en — the tagger (ptag.rs, tag.rs)](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/en/)
- [Architecture](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/docs/architecture/)

## The papers (80)

Cards with a measured or kept idea first, then by citations.

1. [Discriminative Training Methods for Hidden Markov Models: Theory and Experiments with Perceptron Algorithms](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/collins-2002-discriminative-training-methods-hidden-markov/) `measured` *— [Michael Collins](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/michael-collins/), 2002 · 1862 citations*
2. [TnT – A Statistical Part-of-Speech Tagger](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/brants-2000-tnt-statistical-part-speech-tagger/) `measured` *— [Thorsten Brants](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/thorsten-brants/), 2000 · 1328 citations*
3. [Universal Dependencies v1: A Multilingual Treebank Collection](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ud-2016-nivre-universal-dependencies-v1-multilingual-treebank/) *— [Joakim Nivre](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/joakim-nivre/), [Marie-Catherine de Marneffe](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/marie-catherine-de-marneffe/), [Filip Ginter](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/filip-ginter/), [Yoav Goldberg](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/yoav-goldberg/) et al., 2016 · 1028 citations*
4. [Tokenizing, POS Tagging, Lemmatizing and Parsing UD 2.0 with UDPipe](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ud-2017-straka-tokenizing-pos-tagging-lemmatizing-parsing/) *— [Milan Straka](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/milan-straka/), [Jana Straková](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jana-strakova/), 2017 · 567 citations*
5. [Building a Large Annotated Corpus of English: The Penn Treebank](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bank-1993-marcus-building-large-annotated-corpus-english/) *— Mitchell P. Marcus, [Beatrice Santorini](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/beatrice-santorini/), [Mary Ann Marcinkiewicz](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mary-ann-marcinkiewicz/), 1993 · 489 citations*
6. [Arabic Tokenization, Part-of-Speech Tagging and Morphological Disambiguation in One Fell Swoop](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2005-habash-arabic-tokenization-part-speech-tagging/) *— [Nizar Habash](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/nizar-habash/), [Owen Rambow](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/owen-rambow/), 2005 · 446 citations*
7. [Part-of-Speech Tagging Guidelines for the Penn Treebank Project (3rd Revision)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/santorini-1990-part-of-speech-tagging-guidelines-penn-treebank/) *— [Beatrice Santorini](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/beatrice-santorini/), 1990 · 434 citations*
8. [Part-of-Speech Tagging from 97% to 100%: Is It Time for Some Linguistics?](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/enud-2011-manning-part-speech-tagging-97-100/) *— [Christopher D. Manning](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/christopher-d-manning/), 2011 · 408 citations*
9. [UDPipe: Trainable Pipeline for Processing CoNLL-U Files Performing Tokenization, Morphological Analysis, POS Tagging and Parsing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ud-2016-straka-udpipe-trainable-pipeline-processing-conll/) *— [Milan Straka](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/milan-straka/), [Jan Hajič](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jan-hajic/), [Jana Straková](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jana-strakova/), 2016 · 350 citations*
10. [Stanford's Graph-based Neural Dependency Parser at the CoNLL 2017 Shared Task](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ud-2017-dozat-stanford-s-graph-based-neural/) *— [Timothy Dozat](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/timothy-dozat/), [Peng Qi](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/peng-qi/), [Christopher D. Manning](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/christopher-d-manning/), 2017 · 220 citations*
11. [Arabic Morphological Tagging, Diacritization, and Lemmatization Using Lexeme Models and Feature Ranking](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2008-roth-arabic-morphological-tagging-diacritization-lemmatization/) *— [Ryan Roth](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ryan-roth/), [Owen Rambow](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/owen-rambow/), [Nizar Habash](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/nizar-habash/), [Mona Diab](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mona-diab/) et al., 2008 · 155 citations*
12. [Maximum Entropy Based Restoration of Arabic Diacritics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2006-zitouni-maximum-entropy-based-restoration-arabic/) *— Imed Zitouni, Jeffrey S. Sorensen, Ruhi Sarikaya, 2006 · 143 citations*
13. [Arabic Diacritization through Full Morphological Tagging](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2007-habash-arabic-diacritization-through-full-morphological/) *— [Nizar Habash](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/nizar-habash/), [Owen Rambow](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/owen-rambow/), 2007 · 142 citations*
14. [An Empirical Analysis of Formality in Online Communication](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/pavlick-2016-empirical-analysis-formality-online-communication/) *— [Ellie Pavlick](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ellie-pavlick/), [Joel Tetreault](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/joel-tetreault/), 2016 · 136 citations*
15. [Dependency Parsing of Modern Standard Arabic with Lexical and Inflectional Features](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/cl-2013-marton-dependency-parsing-modern-standard-arabic/) *— [Yuval Marton](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/yuval-marton/), [Nizar Habash](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/nizar-habash/), [Owen Rambow](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/owen-rambow/), 2013 · 82 citations*
16. [Don't Throw Those Morphological Analyzers Away Just Yet: Neural Morphological Disambiguation for Arabic](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2017-zalmout-don-t-throw-those-morphological/) *— [Nasser Zalmout](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/nasser-zalmout/), [Nizar Habash](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/nizar-habash/), 2017 · 57 citations*
17. [Towards broad coverage surface realization with CCG](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/white-2007-broad-coverage-surface-realization-ccg/) *— [Michael White](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/michael-white/), [Rajakrishnan Rajkumar](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/rajakrishnan-rajkumar/), Scott Martin, 2007 · 46 citations*
18. [Improving Arabic Dependency Parsing with Lexical and Inflectional Morphological Features](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2010-marton-improving-arabic-dependency-parsing-lexical/) *— [Yuval Marton](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/yuval-marton/), [Nizar Habash](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/nizar-habash/), [Owen Rambow](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/owen-rambow/), 2010 · 43 citations*
19. [A global model for joint lemmatization and part-of-speech prediction](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2009-toutanova-global-model-joint-lemmatization-part/) *— [Kristina Toutanova](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/kristina-toutanova/), [Colin Cherry](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/colin-cherry/), 2009 · 41 citations*
20. [Integrated Morphological and Syntactic Disambiguation for Modern Hebrew](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2006-tsarfaty-integrated-morphological-syntactic-disambiguation-modern/) *— [Reut Tsarfaty](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/reut-tsarfaty/), 2006 · 38 citations*
21. [Choosing an Optimal Architecture for Segmentation and POS-Tagging of Modern Hebrew](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2005-haim-choosing-optimal-architecture-segmentation-pos/) *— [Roy Bar-Haim](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/roy-bar-haim/), [Khalil Sima'an](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/khalil-sima-an/), [Yoad Winter](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/yoad-winter/), 2005 · 36 citations*
22. [Learning a POS tagger for AAVE-like language](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/jorgensen-2016-learning-pos-tagger-aave-like/) *— Anna Jørgensen, Dirk Hovy, [Anders Søgaard](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/anders-sogaard/), 2016 · 34 citations*
23. [A Gold Standard Corpus of Early Modern German](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2011-scheible-gold-standard-corpus-early-modern/) *— Silke Scheible, Richard J. Whitt, Martin Durrell, Paul Bennett, 2011 · 31 citations*
24. [Part-of-Speech Tagging for Historical English](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2016-yang-part-speech-tagging-historical-english/) *— Yi Yang, Jacob Eisenstein, 2016 · 30 citations*
25. [Lemmatisation as a Tagging Task](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2012-gesmundo-lemmatisation-as-tagging-task/) *— Andrea Gesmundo, Tanja Samardžić, 2012 · 30 citations*
26. [Memory-Based Morphological Analysis Generation and Part-of-Speech Tagging of Arabic](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2005-marsi-memory-based-morphological-analysis-generation/) *— [Erwin Marsi](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/erwin-marsi/), [Antal van den Bosch](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/antal-van-den-bosch/), Abdelhadi Soudi, 2005 · 28 citations*
27. [An Empirical Comparison of Parsing Methods for Stanford Dependencies](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/enud-2014-kong-empirical-comparison-parsing-methods-stanford/) *— [Lingpeng Kong](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/lingpeng-kong/), [Noah A. Smith](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/noah-a-smith/), 2014 · 26 citations*
28. [Word Segmentation, Unknown-word Resolution, and Morphological Agreement in a Hebrew Parsing System](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/cl-2013-goldberg-word-segmentation-unknown-word-resolution/) *— [Yoav Goldberg](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/yoav-goldberg/), [Michael Elhadad](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/michael-elhadad/), 2013 · 26 citations*
29. ['IMS at the CoNLL 2017 UD Shared Task: CRFs and Perceptrons Meet Neural Networks'](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ud-2017-bjorkelund-ims-conll-2017-ud-shared/) *— [Anders Björkelund](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/anders-bjorkelund/), [Agnieszka Falenska](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/agnieszka-falenska/), [Xiang Yu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/xiang-yu/), [Jonas Kuhn](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jonas-kuhn/), 2017 · 25 citations*
30. [Fine-Grain Morphological Analyzer and Part-of-Speech Tagger for Arabic Text](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lingbulk-2010-sawalha-fine-grain-morphological-analyzer-part/) *— Majdi Sawalha, [Eric Atwell](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/eric-atwell/), 2010 · 24 citations*
31. [Smoothing a Lexicon-based POS Tagger for Arabic and Hebrew](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2007-manour-smoothing-lexicon-based-pos-tagger/) *— Saib Manour, [Khalil Sima'an](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/khalil-sima-an/), [Yoad Winter](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/yoad-winter/), 2007 · 24 citations*
32. [A Simple and Accurate Syntax-Agnostic Neural Model for Dependency-based Semantic Role Labeling](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/marcheggiani-2017-simple-accurate-syntax-agnostic-neural/) *— Diego Marcheggiani, Anton Frolov, [Ivan Titov](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ivan-titov/), 2017 · 23 citations*
33. [POS Tagging for Historical Texts with Sparse Training Data](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2013-bollmann-pos-tagging-historical-texts-sparse/) *— [Marcel Bollmann](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/marcel-bollmann/), 2013 · 23 citations*
34. [Joint Diacritization, Lemmatization, Normalization, and Fine-Grained Morphological Tagging](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/acl-2020-zalmout-joint-diacritization-lemmatization-normalization-fine/) *— [Nasser Zalmout](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/nasser-zalmout/), [Nizar Habash](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/nizar-habash/), 2020 · 21 citations*
35. [Joint Prediction of Morphosyntactic Categories for Fine-Grained Arabic Part-of-Speech Tagging Exploiting Tag Dictionary Information](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lingbulk-2017-inoue-joint-prediction-morphosyntactic-categories-fine/) *— [Go Inoue](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/go-inoue/), [Hiroyuki Shindo](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/hiroyuki-shindo/), [Yuji Matsumoto](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/yuji-matsumoto/), 2017 · 21 citations*
36. [Part-of-Speech Tagging for Middle English through Alignment and Projection of Parallel Diachronic Texts](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2007-moon-part-speech-tagging-middle-english/) *— Taesun Moon, [Jason Baldridge](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jason-baldridge/), 2007 · 21 citations*
37. [Construction of English MWE Dictionary and its Application to POS Tagging](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/shigeto-2013-construction-english-mwe-dictionary-its/) *— Yutaro Shigeto, Ai Azuma, Sorami Hisamoto, Shuhei Kondo et al., 2013 · 20 citations*
38. [Formemes in English-Czech Deep Syntactic MT](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/dusek-2012-formemes-english-czech-deep-syntactic/) *— Ondřej Dušek, [Zdeněk Žabokrtský](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/zdenek-zabokrtsku/), [Martin Popel](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/martin-popel/), Martin Majliš et al., 2012 · 15 citations*
39. [A Rich Morphological Tagger for English: Exploring the Cross-Linguistic Tradeoff Between Morphology and Syntax](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kirov-2017-rich-morphological-tagger-english-exploring/) *— [Christo Kirov](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/christo-kirov/), [John Sylak-Glassman](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/john-sylak-glassman/), Rebecca Knowles, [Ryan Cotterell](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ryan-cotterell/) et al., 2017 · 13 citations*
40. [Challenging Language-Dependent Segmentation for Arabic: An Application to Machine Translation and Part-of-Speech Tagging](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2017-sajjad-challenging-language-dependent-segmentation-arabic/) *— Hassan Sajjad, Fahim Dalvi, [Nadir Durrani](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/nadir-durrani/), [Ahmed Abdelali](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ahmed-abdelali/) et al., 2017 · 13 citations*
41. [Simultaneous Tokenization and Part-Of-Speech Tagging for Arabic without a Morphological Analyzer](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2010-kulick-simultaneous-tokenization-part-speech-tagging/) *— [Seth Kulick](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/seth-kulick/), 2010 · 13 citations*
42. [Nakdan: Professional Hebrew Diacritizer](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2020-shmidman-nakdan-professional-hebrew-diacritizer/) *— [Avi Shmidman](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/avi-shmidman/), [Shaltiel Shmidman](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/shaltiel-shmidman/), [Moshe Koppel](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/moshe-koppel/), [Yoav Goldberg](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/yoav-goldberg/), 2020 · 12 citations*
43. [Analyzing the Impact of Spelling Errors on POS-Tagging and Chunking in Learner English](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mizumoto-2017-analyzing-impact-spelling-errors-pos/) *— [Tomoya Mizumoto](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/tomoya-mizumoto/), [Ryo Nagata](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ryo-nagata/), 2017 · 11 citations*
44. [Tagging a Hebrew Corpus: the Case of Participles](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lingbulk-2008-adler-tagging-hebrew-corpus-case-participles/) *— [Meni Adler](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/meni-adler/), Yael Netzer, [Yoav Goldberg](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/yoav-goldberg/), David Gabay et al., 2008 · 11 citations*
45. [A Dependency Treebank of Spoken Second Language English](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kyle-2022-dependency-treebank-spoken-second-language/) *— [Kristopher Kyle](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/kristopher-kyle/), Masaki Eguchi, Aaron Miller, Theodore Sither, 2022 · 10 citations*
46. [Improving Arabic Diacritization with Regularized Decoding and Adversarial Training](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/acl-2021-qin-improving-arabic-diacritization-regularized-decoding/) *— Han Qin, Guimin Chen, Yuanhe Tian, Yan Song, 2021 · 10 citations*
47. [A POS Tagging Model Designed for Learner English](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/nagata-2018-pos-tagging-model-adapted-learner/) *— [Ryo Nagata](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ryo-nagata/), [Tomoya Mizumoto](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/tomoya-mizumoto/), Yuta Kikuchi, Yoshifumi Kawasaki et al., 2018 · 9 citations*
48. [Investigating NP-Chunking with Universal Dependencies for English](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ud-2018-lacroix-investigating-np-chunking-universal-dependencies/) *— [Ophélie Lacroix](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ophelie-lacroix/), 2018 · 9 citations*
49. [Joint English Spelling Error Correction and POS Tagging for Language Learners Writing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sakaguchi-2012-joint-english-spelling-error-correction/) *— [Keisuke Sakaguchi](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/keisuke-sakaguchi/), [Tomoya Mizumoto](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/tomoya-mizumoto/), [Mamoru Komachi](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mamoru-komachi/), [Yuji Matsumoto](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/yuji-matsumoto/), 2012 · 8 citations*
50. [Different Flavors of GUM: Evaluating Genre and Sentence Type Effects on Multilayer Corpus Annotation Quality](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2016-zeldes-different-flavors-gum-evaluating-genre/) *— [Amir Zeldes](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/amir-zeldes/), Dan Simonson, 2016 · 7 citations*
51. [AMALGUM – A Free, Balanced, Multilayer English Web Corpus](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lingbulk-2020-gessler-amalgum-free-balanced-multilayer-english/) *— [Luke Gessler](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/luke-gessler/), [Siyao Peng](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/siyao-peng/), [Yang Liu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/yang-liu/), [Yilun Zhu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/yilun-zhu/) et al., 2020 · 6 citations*
52. [Lemmatization and POS-tagging process by using joint learning approach. Experimental results on Classical Armenian, Old Georgian, and Syriac](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2020-gorene-lemmatization-pos-tagging-process-joint/) *— Chahan Vidal-Gorène, Bastien Kindt, 2020 · 6 citations*
53. [Towards JointUD: Part-of-speech Tagging and Lemmatization using Recurrent Neural Networks](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ud-2018-arakelyan-jointud-part-speech-tagging-lemmatization/) *— Gor Arakelyan, Karen Hambardzumyan, Hrant Khachatrian, 2018 · 6 citations*
54. [A Neural Model for Part-of-Speech Tagging in Historical Texts](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hardmeier-2016-neural-model-part-speech-tagging/) *— [Christian Hardmeier](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/christian-hardmeier/), 2016 · 6 citations*
55. [Morphological Analysis Can Improve a CCG Parser for English](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/honnibal-2010-morphological-analysis-can-improve-ccg/) *— [Matthew Honnibal](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/matthew-honnibal/), [Jonathan K. Kummerfeld](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jonathan-k-kummerfeld/), [James R. Curran](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/james-r-curran/), 2010 · 6 citations*
56. [A Freely Available Syntactic Lexicon for English](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/egedi-1994-freely-available-syntactic-lexicon-english/) *— [Dania Egedi](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/dania-egedi/), Patrick Martin, 1994 · 6 citations*
57. [A Cross-Task Flexible Transition Model for Arabic Tokenization, Affix Detection, Affix Labeling, POS Tagging, and Dependency Parsing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2013-tratz-cross-task-flexible-transition-model/) *— Stephen Tratz, 2013 · 4 citations*
58. [Exploring Difficulties in Parsing Imperatives and Questions](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hara-2011-exploring-difficulties-parsing-imperatives-questions/) *— [Tadayoshi Hara](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/tadayoshi-hara/), [Takuya Matsuzaki](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/takuya-matsuzaki/), [Yusuke Miyao](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/yusuke-miyao/), [Jun'ichi Tsujii](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jun-ichi-tsujii/), 2011 · 4 citations*
59. [A Lexical Resource of Hebrew Verb-Noun Multi-Word Expressions](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lingbulk-2016-liebeskind-lexical-resource-hebrew-verb-noun/) *— [Chaya Liebeskind](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/chaya-liebeskind/), [Yaakov HaCohen-Kerner](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/yaakov-hacohen-kerner/), 2016 · 3 citations*
60. [Using Lexical Dependency and Ontological Knowledge to Improve a Detailed Syntactic and Semantic Tagger of English](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/finch-2006-lexical-dependency-ontological-knowledge-improve/) *— Andrew Finch, Ezra Black, Young-Sook Hwang, Eiichiro Sumita, 2006 · 3 citations*
61. [Estimating POS Annotation Consistency of Different Treebanks in a Language](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aggarwal-2020-estimating-pos-annotation-consistency-different/) *— Akshay Aggarwal, [Daniel Zeman](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/daniel-zeman/), 2020 · 2 citations*
62. [Extracting Headless MWEs from Dependency Parse Trees: Parsing, Tagging, and Joint Modeling Approaches](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/acl-2020-shi-extracting-headless-mwes-dependency-parse/) *— [Tianze Shi](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/tianze-shi/), [Lillian Lee](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/lillian-lee/), 2020 · 2 citations*
63. [Automatic Thesaurus Construction for Modern Hebrew](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lingbulk-2018-liebeskind-automatic-thesaurus-construction-modern-hebrew/) *— [Chaya Liebeskind](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/chaya-liebeskind/), [Ido Dagan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ido-dagan/), [Jonathan Schler](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jonathan-schler/), 2018 · 2 citations*
64. [A Novel Challenge Set for Hebrew Morphological Disambiguation and Diacritics Restoration](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/findings-2020-shmidman-novel-challenge-set-hebrew-morphological/) *— [Avi Shmidman](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/avi-shmidman/), [Joshua Guedalia](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/joshua-guedalia/), [Shaltiel Shmidman](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/shaltiel-shmidman/), [Moshe Koppel](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/moshe-koppel/) et al., 2020 · 1 citations*
65. [Ranking Translations using Error Analysis and Quality Estimation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/fishel-2013-ranking-translations-error-analysis-quality/) *— [Mark Fishel](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mark-fishel/), 2013 · 1 citations*
66. [CAIT: A Syntactic Parsing Toolkit for Child–Adult InTeractions](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ud-2026-padovani-cait-syntactic-parsing-toolkit-child/) *— Francesca Padovani, [Xiulin Yang](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/xiulin-yang/), Bastian Bunzeck, Jaap Jumelet et al., 2026*
67. [Cross-Lingual and Cross-Domain Transfer Learning for POS Tagging in Historical Germanic Low-Resource Languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/miani-2026-cross-lingual-cross-domain-transfer/) *— [Irene Miani](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/irene-miani/), [Sara Stymne](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/sara-stymne/), [Gregory R. Darwin](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/gregory-r-darwin/), 2026*
68. [English Grammar (Wikibooks)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/contributors-2026-english-grammar/) *— [Wikibooks contributors](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/wikibooks-contributors/), 2026*
69. [Cross-Genre Learning for Old English Poetry POS Tagging](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2025-miani-cross-genre-learning-old-english/) *— [Irene Miani](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/irene-miani/), [Sara Stymne](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/sara-stymne/), [Gregory R. Darwin](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/gregory-r-darwin/), 2025*
70. [Lemmatization as a Classification Task: Results from Arabic across Multiple Genres](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ctx-2025-saeed-lemmatization-as-classification-task-results/) *— Mostafa Saeed, [Nizar Habash](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/nizar-habash/), 2025*
71. [Pre-annotation Matters: A Comparative Study on POS and Dependency Annotation for an Alsatian Dialect](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bernhard-2025-pre-annotation-matters-comparative-study/) *— [Delphine Bernhard](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/delphine-bernhard/), Nathanaël Beiner, Barbara Hoff, 2025*
72. [Allen Institute for AI @ SIGTYP 2024 Shared Task on Word Embedding Evaluation for Ancient and Historical Languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ud-2024-miranda-allen-institute-ai-sigtyp-2024/) *— Lester James V. Miranda, 2024*
73. [At the Crossroad of Cuneiform and NLP: Challenges for Fine-grained Part-of-speech Tagging](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/coling-2024-smidt-crossroad-cuneiform-nlp-challenges-fine/) *— Gustav Ryberg Smidt, [Els Lefever](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/els-lefever/), Katrien de Graef, 2024*
74. [Evaluating large language models for the tasks of PoS tagging within the Universal Dependency framework](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/machado-2024-evaluating-large-language-models-tasks/) *— Mateus Machado, Evandro Ruiz, 2024*
75. [A Survey of Corpora for Germanic Low-Resource Languages and Dialects](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/blaschke-2023-survey-corpora-germanic-low-resource/) *— Verena Blaschke, Hinrich Schuetze, [Barbara Plank](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/barbara-plank/), 2023*
76. [Whit's the Richt Pairt o Speech: PoS tagging for Scots](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lameris-2021-whit-s-richt-pairt-o/) *— Harm Lameris, [Sara Stymne](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/sara-stymne/), 2021*
77. [Controlled Semi-automatic Annotation of Classical Ethiopic](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2019-vertan-controlled-semi-automatic-annotation-classical/) *— Cristina Vertan, 2019*
78. [Detecting Syntactic Change Using a Neural Part-of-Speech Tagger](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/merrill-2019-detecting-syntactic-change-neural-part/) *— William Merrill, Gigi Stark, [Robert Frank](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/robert-frank/), 2019*
79. [Constructing an Annotated Resource for Part-Of-Speech Tagging of Mishnaic Hebrew](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2018-giovannetti-constructing-annotated-resource-part-speech/) *— [Emiliano Giovannetti](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/emiliano-giovannetti/), [Davide Albanesi](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/davide-albanesi/), [Andrea Bellandi](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/andrea-bellandi/), Simone Marchi et al., 2018*
80. [A Good Part-of-Speech Tagger in about 200 Lines of Python](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/honnibal-2013-good-part-of-speech-tagger/) *— [Matthew Honnibal](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/matthew-honnibal/), 2013*

## More papers in the library (88)

The most cited first. [All 88 →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/part-of-speech-tagging/library/)

- [The Stanford CoreNLP Natural Language Processing Toolkit](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/manning-2014-stanford-corenlp-natural-language-processing/) — Christopher Manning, Mihai Surdeanu, John Bauer, et al. · Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the…
- [Natural Language Processing (almost) from Scratch](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/collobert-2011-natural-language-processing-almost-scratch/) — Ronan Collobert, Jason Weston, Leon Bottou, et al. · arXiv:1103.0398
- [End-to-end Sequence Labeling via Bi-directional LSTM-CNNs-CRF](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ma-2016-end-end-sequence-labeling-bi/) — Xuezhe Ma, Eduard Hovy · arXiv:1603.01354
- [Open Information Extraction from the Web](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/banko-2007-open-information-extraction-web/) — Michele Banko, Michael J. Cafarella, Stephen Soderland, et al. · IJCAI 2007
- [Contextual String Embeddings for Sequence Labeling](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/akbik-2018-contextual-string-embeddings-sequence-labeling/) — Alan Akbik, Duncan Blythe, Roland Vollgraf · Proceedings of the 27th International…
- [Is BERT Really Robust? A Strong Baseline for Natural Language Attack on Text Classification and Entailment](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/jin-2019-bert-really-robust-strong-baseline/) — Di Jin, Zhijing Jin, Joey Tianyi Zhou, et al. · arXiv:1907.11932
- [COMET-22: Unbabel-IST 2022 Submission for the Metrics Shared Task](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/rei-2022-comet-22-unbabel-ist-2022/) — Ricardo Rei, José G. C. de Souza, Duarte Alves, et al. · Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on…
- [FLAIR: An Easy-to-Use Framework for State-of-the-Art NLP](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/akbik-2019-flair-easy-use-framework-state/) — Alan Akbik, Tanja Bergmann, Duncan Blythe, et al. · Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North…
- [Transformation-Based Error-Driven Learning and Natural Language Processing: A Case Study in Part-of-Speech Tagging](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/brill-1995-transformation-based-error-driven-learning/) — Eric Brill · Computational Linguistics
- [Simple Semi-supervised Dependency Parsing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/koo-2008-simple-semi-supervised-dependency-parsing/) — Terry Koo, Xavier Carreras, Michael Collins · Proceedings of ACL-08: HLT
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