---
title: "Semantic role labeling (SRL) — papers and Mova"
description: "Semantic role labeling (SRL) in plain words: who did what to whom, PropBank, VerbNet and FrameNet, how Mova's frames do it, and our cards of the papers."
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semantic-role-labeling/"
---
[Elamur Research](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semantic-role-labeling/)

[home](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [topics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/) / Semantic role labeling

# Semantic role labeling

46 paper cards from the Research library · 2 of them with an idea Mova measured or kept

## What it is

Semantic role labeling, SRL for short, answers «who did what to whom» for every verb of a sentence. In «Mary sold the book to John for ten dollars», Mary is the seller, the book the thing sold, John the buyer and ten dollars the price — and the roles stay the same in «John bought the book from Mary».

Resources such as PropBank, VerbNet and FrameNet list the roles each verb takes. A labeler finds the verb, its arguments in the sentence and the role of each, usually on top of a parse tree. Roles are the bridge from grammar to meaning: subject and object change with the voice of the verb, roles do not.

## How Mova does it

Mova's frames do this job: each clause becomes a frame with its event, who acts, who or what is acted on, and its place, time, cause and what came next, read from the dependency tree with a verb lexicon converted from VerbNet. Every role says which rule gave it.

- [Frames: who did what to whom](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/docs/pragmatics/)
- [prag — the frames reader](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/prag/)
- [kg — facts as vertices with roles](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/kg/)

## The papers (46)

Cards with a measured or kept idea first, then by citations.

1. [Universal Decompositional Semantics on Universal Dependencies](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/white-2016-universal-decompositional-semantics-universal-dependencies/) `1 idea kept` *— [Aaron Steven White](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/aaron-steven-white/), Drew Reisinger, [Keisuke Sakaguchi](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/keisuke-sakaguchi/), Tim Vieira et al., 2016 · 122 citations*
2. [What is it? Disambiguating the different readings of the pronoun 'it'](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/loaiciga-2017-what-is-it-disambiguating-different/) `1 idea kept` *— [Sharid Loáiciga](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/sharid-loaiciga/), [Liane Guillou](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/liane-guillou/), [Christian Hardmeier](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/christian-hardmeier/), 2017 · 16 citations*
3. [The Berkeley FrameNet Project](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lex-1998-baker-berkeley-framenet/) *— [Collin F. Baker](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/collin-f-baker/), Charles J. Fillmore, John B. Lowe, 1998 · 2518 citations*
4. [The Proposition Bank: An Annotated Corpus of Semantic Roles](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/palmer-2005-proposition-bank-annotated-corpus-semantic/) *— [Martha Palmer](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/martha-palmer/), [Daniel Gildea](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/daniel-gildea/), [Paul Kingsbury](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/paul-kingsbury/), 2005 · 2273 citations*
5. [Automatic Labeling of Semantic Roles](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/gildea-2002-automatic-labeling-semantic-roles/) *— [Daniel Gildea](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/daniel-gildea/), [Daniel Jurafsky](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/daniel-jurafsky/), 2002 · 1626 citations*
6. [Abstract Meaning Representation for Sembanking](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/banarescu-2013-abstract-meaning-representation-sembanking/) *— Laura Banarescu, [Claire Bonial](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/claire-bonial/), Shu Cai, Madalina Georgescu et al., 2013 · 1062 citations*
7. [The Penn Treebank: Annotating Predicate Argument Structure](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bank-1994-marcus-penn-treebank-annotating-predicate-argument/) *— [Mitchell Marcus](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mitchell-marcus/), Grace Kim, [Mary Ann Marcinkiewicz](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mary-ann-marcinkiewicz/), Robert MacIntyre et al., 1994 · 742 citations*
8. [Introduction to the CoNLL-2005 Shared Task: Semantic Role Labeling](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/carreras-2005-introduction-conll-2005-shared-task/) *— [Xavier Carreras](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/xavier-carreras/), [Lluís Màrquez](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/lluis-marquez/), 2005 · 642 citations*
9. [From TreeBank to PropBank](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kingsbury-2002-treebank-propbank/) *— [Paul Kingsbury](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/paul-kingsbury/), [Martha Palmer](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/martha-palmer/), 2002 · 533 citations*
10. [The CoNLL 2008 Shared Task on Joint Parsing of Syntactic and Semantic Dependencies](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/surdeanu-2008-conll-2008-shared-task-joint/) *— [Mihai Surdeanu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mihai-surdeanu/), [Richard Johansson](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/richard-johansson/), [Adam Meyers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/adam-meyers/), [Lluís Màrquez](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/lluis-marquez/) et al., 2008 · 491 citations*
11. [Deep Semantic Role Labeling: What Works and What's Next](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/he-2017-deep-semantic-role-labeling-what/) *— [Luheng He](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/luheng-he/), [Kenton Lee](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/kenton-lee/), [Mike Lewis](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mike-lewis/), [Luke Zettlemoyer](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/luke-zettlemoyer/), 2017 · 420 citations*
12. [The CoNLL-2009 Shared Task: Syntactic and Semantic Dependencies in Multiple Languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hajic-2009-conll-2009-shared-task-syntactic/) *— [Jan Hajič](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jan-hajic/), [Massimiliano Ciaramita](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/massimiliano-ciaramita/), [Richard Johansson](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/richard-johansson/), Daisuke Kawahara et al., 2009 · 339 citations*
13. [Question-Answer Driven Semantic Role Labeling: Using Natural Language to Annotate Natural Language](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/he-2015-question-answer-driven-semantic-role/) *— [Luheng He](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/luheng-he/), [Mike Lewis](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mike-lewis/), [Luke Zettlemoyer](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/luke-zettlemoyer/), 2015 · 195 citations*
14. [Dependency-based Semantic Role Labeling of PropBank](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/johansson-2008-dependency-based-semantic-role-labeling/) *— [Richard Johansson](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/richard-johansson/), [Pierre Nugues](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/pierre-nugues/), 2008 · 102 citations*
15. [MEANT: An inexpensive, high-accuracy, semi-automatic metric for evaluating translation utility based on semantic roles](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lo-2011-meant-inexpensive-high-accuracy-semi/) *— [Chi-kiu Lo](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/chi-kiu-lo/), [Dekai Wu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/dekai-wu/), 2011 · 87 citations*
16. [Large-Scale QA-SRL Parsing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/fitzgerald-2018-large-scale-qa-srl-parsing/) *— Nicholas FitzGerald, [Julian Michael](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/julian-michael/), [Luheng He](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/luheng-he/), [Luke Zettlemoyer](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/luke-zettlemoyer/), 2018 · 83 citations*
17. [Crowdsourcing Question-Answer Meaning Representations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/michael-2018-crowdsourcing-question-answer-meaning-representations/) *— [Julian Michael](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/julian-michael/), [Gabriel Stanovsky](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/gabriel-stanovsky/), [Luheng He](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/luheng-he/), [Ido Dagan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ido-dagan/) et al., 2018 · 68 citations*
18. [PropBank: Semantics of New Predicate Types](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bonial-2014-propbank-semantics-new-predicate-types/) *— [Claire Bonial](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/claire-bonial/), [Julia Bonn](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/julia-bonn/), [Kathryn Conger](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/kathryn-conger/), [Jena D. Hwang](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jena-d-hwang/) et al., 2014 · 46 citations*
19. [Out-of-domain FrameNet Semantic Role Labeling](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hartmann-2017-out-domain-framenet-semantic-role/) *— Silvana Hartmann, Ilia Kuznetsov, Teresa Martin, [Iryna Gurevych](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/iryna-gurevych/), 2017 · 45 citations*
20. [FrameNet: A Knowledge Base for Natural Language Processing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/baker-2014-framenet-knowledge-base-natural-language/) *— [Collin F. Baker](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/collin-f-baker/), 2014 · 44 citations*
21. [Controlled Crowdsourcing for High-Quality QA-SRL Annotation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/roit-2020-controlled-crowdsourcing-high-quality-qa/) *— Paul Roit, [Ayal Klein](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ayal-klein/), [Daniela Stepanov](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/daniela-stepanov/), [Jonathan Mamou](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jonathan-mamou/) et al., 2020 · 41 citations*
22. [VerbAtlas: a Novel Large-Scale Verbal Semantic Resource and Its Application to Semantic Role Labeling](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/fabio-2019-verbatlas-novel-large-scale-verbal/) *— Andrea Di Fabio, [Simone Conia](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/simone-conia/), [Roberto Navigli](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/roberto-navigli/), 2019 · 40 citations*
23. [Abstraction and Generalisation in Semantic Role Labels: PropBank, VerbNet or both?](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/merlo-2009-abstraction-generalisation-semantic-role-labels/) *— [Paola Merlo](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/paola-merlo/), [Lonneke van der Plas](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/lonneke-van-der-plas/), 2009 · 31 citations*
24. [Semantic Dependency Parsing of NomBank and PropBank: An Efficient Integrated Approach via a Large-scale Feature Selection](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhao-2009-semantic-dependency-parsing-nombank-propbank/) *— Hai Zhao, Wenliang Chen, [Chunyu Kit](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/chunyu-kit/), 2009 · 30 citations*
25. [Merging PropBank, NomBank, TimeBank, Penn Discourse Treebank and Coreference](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/pustejovsky-2005-merging-propbank-nombank-timebank-penn/) *— [James Pustejovsky](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/james-pustejovsky/), [Adam Meyers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/adam-meyers/), [Martha Palmer](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/martha-palmer/), [Massimo Poesio](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/massimo-poesio/), 2005 · 26 citations*
26. [A Simple and Accurate Syntax-Agnostic Neural Model for Dependency-based Semantic Role Labeling](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/marcheggiani-2017-simple-accurate-syntax-agnostic-neural/) *— Diego Marcheggiani, Anton Frolov, [Ivan Titov](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ivan-titov/), 2017 · 23 citations*
27. [PropBank Comes of Age—Larger, Smarter, and more Diverse](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/pradhan-2022-propbank-comes-age-larger-smarter/) *— [Sameer Pradhan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/sameer-pradhan/), [Julia Bonn](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/julia-bonn/), [Skatje Myers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/skatje-myers/), [Kathryn Conger](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/kathryn-conger/) et al., 2022 · 19 citations*
28. [QANom: Question-Answer driven SRL for Nominalizations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/klein-2020-qanom-question-answer-driven-srl/) *— [Ayal Klein](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ayal-klein/), [Jonathan Mamou](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jonathan-mamou/), [Valentina Pyatkin](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/valentina-pyatkin/), [Daniela Stepanov](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/daniela-stepanov/) et al., 2020 · 18 citations*
29. [VerbNet Representations: Subevent Semantics for Transfer Verbs](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/brown-2019-verbnet-representations-subevent-semantics-transfer/) *— [Susan Windisch Brown](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/susan-windisch-brown/), [Julia Bonn](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/julia-bonn/), [James Gung](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/james-gung/), [Annie Zaenen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/annie-zaenen/) et al., 2019 · 16 citations*
30. [Semantic Role Labeling as Syntactic Dependency Parsing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/shi-2020-semantic-role-labeling-as-syntactic/) *— [Tianze Shi](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/tianze-shi/), Igor Malioutov, Ozan Irsoy, 2020 · 15 citations*
31. [SemLink+: FrameNet, VerbNet and Event Ontologies](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/palmer-2014-semlink-framenet-verbnet-event-ontologies/) *— [Martha Palmer](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/martha-palmer/), [Claire Bonial](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/claire-bonial/), [Diana McCarthy](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/diana-mccarthy/), 2014 · 12 citations*
32. [The Hebrew FrameNet Project](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/frame-2016-hayoun-hebrew-framenet-project/) *— Avi Hayoun, [Michael Elhadad](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/michael-elhadad/), 2016 · 10 citations*
33. [Comprehensive and Consistent PropBank Light Verb Annotation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bonial-2016-comprehensive-consistent-propbank-light-verb/) *— [Claire Bonial](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/claire-bonial/), [Martha Palmer](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/martha-palmer/), 2016 · 6 citations*
34. [Parsing Gapping Constructions Based on Grammatical and Semantic Roles](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kato-2020-parsing-gapping-constructions-based-grammatical/) *— Yoshihide Kato, Shigeki Matsubara, 2020 · 4 citations*
35. [English Resource Semantics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aclbulk-2016-flickinger-english-resource-semantics/) *— [Dan Flickinger](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/dan-flickinger/), [Emily M. Bender](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/emily-m-bender/), Woodley Packard, 2016 · 4 citations*
36. [Prepositional Phrase Attachment Problem Revisited: How VERBNET Can Help](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lingbulk-2015-bailey-prepositional-phrase-attachment-problem-revisited/) *— Daniel Bailey, Yuliya Lierler, Benjamin Susman, 2015 · 4 citations*
37. [Exploring Non-Verbal Predicates in Semantic Role Labeling: Challenges and Opportunities](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/orlando-2023-exploring-non-verbal-predicates-semantic/) *— Riccardo Orlando, [Simone Conia](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/simone-conia/), [Roberto Navigli](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/roberto-navigli/), 2023 · 3 citations*
38. [Open-source Frame Semantic Parsing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/chanin-2023-open-source-frame-semantic-parsing/) *— David Chanin, 2023 · 1 citations*
39. [Evaluating Universal Dependency Parser Recovery of Predicate Argument Structure via CompChain Analysis](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ud-2021-indurkhya-evaluating-universal-dependency-parser-recovery/) *— Sagar Indurkhya, Beracah Yankama, Robert C. Berwick, 2021 · 1 citations*
40. [Thematic role assignment in non-default verb classes: A cross-linguistic comparison of English and German](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kyriaki-2021-thematic-role-assignment-non-default/) *— Louise Kyriaki, Matthias Schlesewsky, Ina Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, 2021 · 1 citations*
41. [Comparing Sense Categorization Between English PropBank and English WordNet](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bakay-2019-comparing-sense-categorization-between-english/) *— Özge Bakay, Begüm Avar, Olcay Taner Yıldız, 2019 · 1 citations*
42. [The Role of PropBank Sense IDs in AMR-to-text Generation and Text-to-AMR Parsing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hoang-2025-role-propbank-sense-ids-amr/) *— Thu Hoang, Mina Yang, [Shira Wein](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/shira-wein/), 2025*
43. [Can predicate-argument relationships be extracted from UD trees?](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ek-2021-can-predicate-argument-relationships-be/) *— [Adam Ek](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/adam-ek/), [Jean-Philippe Bernardy](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jean-philippe-bernardy/), Stergios Chatzikyriakidis, 2021*
44. [How useful are Enhanced Universal Dependencies for semantic interpretation?](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ud-2021-findlay-how-useful-are-enhanced-universal/) *— Jamie Y. Findlay, Dag T. T. Haug, 2021*
45. [SemLink 2.0: Chasing Lexical Resources](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/stowe-2021-semlink-2-0-chasing-lexical/) *— [Kevin Stowe](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/kevin-stowe/), Jenette Preciado, [Kathryn Conger](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/kathryn-conger/), [Susan Windisch Brown](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/susan-windisch-brown/) et al., 2021*
46. [Building a Hebrew Semantic Role Labeling Lexical Resource from Parallel Movie Subtitles](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lingbulk-2020-eyal-building-hebrew-semantic-role-labeling/) *— Ben Eyal, [Michael Elhadad](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/michael-elhadad/), 2020*

## More papers in the library (88)

The most cited first. [All 88 →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semantic-role-labeling/library/)

- [Natural Language Processing (almost) from Scratch](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/collobert-2011-natural-language-processing-almost-scratch/) — Ronan Collobert, Jason Weston, Leon Bottou, et al. · arXiv:1103.0398
- [BERT Rediscovers the Classical NLP Pipeline](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/tenney-2019-bert-rediscovers-classical-nlp-pipeline/) — Ian Tenney, Dipanjan Das, Ellie Pavlick · Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the…
- [Encoding Sentences with Graph Convolutional Networks for Semantic Role Labeling](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/marcheggiani-2017-encoding-sentences-graph-convolutional-networks/) — Diego Marcheggiani, Ivan Titov · arXiv:1703.04826
- [Revealing the Dark Secrets of BERT](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kovaleva-2019-revealing-dark-secrets-bert/) — Olga Kovaleva, Alexey Romanov, Anna Rogers, et al. · arXiv:1908.08593
- [Men Also Like Shopping: Reducing Gender Bias Amplification using Corpus-level Constraints](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhao-2017-men-also-like-shopping-reducing/) — Jieyu Zhao, Tianlu Wang, Mark Yatskar, et al. · Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical…
- [Linguistically-Informed Self-Attention for Semantic Role Labeling](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/strubell-2018-linguistically-informed-self-attention-semantic/) — Emma Strubell, Patrick Verga, Daniel Andor, et al. · arXiv:1804.08199
- [The Natural Language Decathlon: Multitask Learning as Question Answering](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mccann-2018-natural-language-decathlon-multitask-learning/) — Bryan McCann, Nitish Shirish Keskar, Caiming Xiong, et al. · arXiv:1806.08730
- [Simple BERT Models for Relation Extraction and Semantic Role Labeling](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/shi-2019-simple-bert-models-relation-extraction/) — Peng Shi, Jimmy Lin · arXiv:1904.05255
- [The NomBank Project: An Interim Report](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/meyers-2004-nombank-project-interim-report/) — Adam Meyers, Ruth Reeves, Catherine Macleod, et al. · Proceedings of the Workshop Frontiers in Corpus…
- [The Importance of Syntactic Parsing and Inference in Semantic Role Labeling](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/punyakanok-2008-importance-syntactic-parsing-inference-semantic/) — Vasin Punyakanok, Dan Roth, Wen-tau Yih · Computational Linguistics
- [← previous topic Part-of-speech tagging](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/part-of-speech-tagging/)
- [next topic → Speech act theory](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/speech-act-theory/)
- [↑ back to topics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/)