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title: "Syntax & grammar formalisms — papers, page 2"
description: "Syntax & grammar formalisms: 140 papers of the Elamur Research library · page 2 of 3 · 26–125, the most cited first."
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# 📐 Syntax & grammar formalisms

140 papers · page 2 of 3 · 26–125 · the most cited first · [all topics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/)

Constituency, categorial and feature-based grammars, and the parsers built on them.

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26. [**Broad-coverage CCG Semantic Parsing with AMR**Yoav Artzi, Kenton Lee, Luke Zettlemoyer*2015 · 228 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/artzi-2015-broad-coverage-ccg-semantic-parsing/)
27. [**Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Parsing on Penn Treebank**Junru Zhou, Hai Zhao*2019 · 219 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhou-2019-head-driven-phrase-structure-grammar/)
28. [**Syntax for Semantic Role Labeling, To Be, Or Not To Be**Shexia He, Zuchao Li, Hai Zhao, et al.*2018 · 211 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/he-2018-syntax-semantic-role-labeling-be/)
29. [**Efficient Parsing of Highly Ambiguous Context-Free Grammars with Bit Vectors**Helmut Schmid*2004 · 209 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/schmid-2004-efficient-parsing-highly-ambiguous-context/)
30. [**The Importance of Supertagging for Wide-Coverage CCG Parsing**Stephen Clark, James R. Curran*2004 · 205 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/clark-2004-importance-supertagging-wide-coverage-ccg/)
31. [**LinGO Redwoods: A Rich and Dynamic Treebank for HPSG**Stephan Oepen, Dan Flickinger, Kristina Toutanova, et al.*2004 · 200 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/oepen-2004-lingo-redwoods-rich-dynamic-treebank/)
32. [**The emergence of number and syntax units in LSTM language models**Yair Lakretz, German Kruszewski, Theo Desbordes, et al.*2019 · 194 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lakretz-2019-emergence-number-syntax-units-lstm/)
33. [**Improved Neural Machine Translation with a Syntax-Aware Encoder and Decoder**Huadong Chen, Shujian Huang, David Chiang, et al.*2017 · 192 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/chen-2017-improved-neural-machine-translation-syntax/)
34. [**Span-Based Constituency Parsing with a Structure-Label System and Provably Optimal Dynamic Oracles**James Cross, Liang Huang*2016 · 191 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/cross-2016-span-based-constituency-parsing-structure/)
35. [**Graph Convolutional Encoders for Syntax-aware Neural Machine Translation**Jasmijn Bastings, Ivan Titov, Wilker Aziz, et al.*2017 · 190 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bastings-2017-graph-convolutional-encoders-syntax-aware/)
36. [**A* CCG Parsing with a Supertag-factored Model**Mike Lewis, Mark Steedman*2014 · 175 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lewis-2014-ccg-parsing-supertag-factored-model/)
37. [**Learning to Translate with Source and Target Syntax**David Chiang*2010 · 173 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/chiang-2010-learning-translate-source-target-syntax/)
38. [**Talbanken05: A Swedish Treebank with Phrase Structure and Dependency Annotation**Joakim Nivre, Jens Nilsson, Johan Hall*2006 · 164 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/nivre-2006-talbanken05-swedish-treebank-phrase-structure/)
39. [**Probabilistic Disambiguation Models for Wide-Coverage HPSG Parsing**Yusuke Miyao, Jun'ichi Tsujii*2005 · 153 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/miyao-2005-probabilistic-disambiguation-models-wide-coverage/)
40. [**Computation of the Probability of Initial Substring Generation by Stochastic Context-Free Grammars**Frederick Jelinek, John D. Lafferty*1991 · 150 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/jelinek-1991-computation-probability-initial-substring-generation/)
41. [**Adding Noun Phrase Structure to the Penn Treebank**David Vadas, James Curran*2007 · 149 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/vadas-2007-adding-noun-phrase-structure-penn/)
42. [**Statistical Properties of Probabilistic Context-Free Grammars**Zhiyi Chi*1999 · 145 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/chi-1999-statistical-properties-probabilistic-context-free/)
43. [**Syntax-Guided Controlled Generation of Paraphrases**Ashutosh Kumar, Kabir Ahuja, Raghuram Vadapalli, et al.*2020 · 131 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kumar-2020-syntax-guided-controlled-generation-paraphrases/)
44. [**Scheduled Multi-Task Learning: From Syntax to Translation**Eliyahu Kiperwasser, Miguel Ballesteros*2018 · 130 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kiperwasser-2018-scheduled-multi-task-learning-syntax/)
45. [**Does Syntax Need to Grow on Trees? Sources of Hierarchical Inductive Bias in Sequence-to-Sequence Networks**R. Thomas McCoy, Robert Frank, Tal Linzen*2020 · 122 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mccoy-2020-does-syntax-need-grow-trees/)
46. [**LSTM CCG Parsing**Mike Lewis, Kenton Lee, Luke Zettlemoyer*2016 · 120 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lewis-2016-lstm-ccg-parsing/)
47. [**In-Order Transition-based Constituent Parsing**Jiangming Liu, Yue Zhang*2017 · 98 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/liu-2017-order-transition-based-constituent-parsing/)
48. [**Efficient Parsing for Bilexical Context-Free Grammars and Head Automaton Grammars**Jason Eisner, Giorgio Satta*1999 · 90 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/eisner-1999-efficient-parsing-bilexical-context-free/)
49. [**A Simple and Accurate Syntax-Agnostic Neural Model for Dependency-based Semantic Role Labeling**Diego Marcheggiani, Anton Frolov, Ivan Titov*2017 · 86 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/marcheggiani-2017-simple-accurate-syntax-agnostic-neural/)
50. [**Binarization of Synchronous Context-Free Grammars**Liang Huang, Hao Zhang, Daniel Gildea, et al.*2009 · 84 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/huang-2009-binarization-synchronous-context-free-grammars/)
51. [**Compound Probabilistic Context-Free Grammars for Grammar Induction**Yoon Kim, Chris Dyer, Alexander Rush*2019 · 79 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kim-2019-compound-probabilistic-context-free-grammars/)
52. [**Formalism-Independent Parser Evaluation with CCG and DepBank**Stephen Clark, James Curran*2007 · 79 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/clark-2007-formalism-independent-parser-evaluation-ccg/)
53. [**SynGEC: Syntax-Enhanced Grammatical Error Correction with a Tailored GEC-Oriented Parser**Yue Zhang, Bo Zhang, Zhenghua Li, et al.*2022 · 76 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhang-2022-syngec-syntax-enhanced-grammatical-error/)
54. [**Towards broad coverage surface realization with CCG**Michael White, Rajakrishnan Rajkumar, Scott Martin*2007 · 73 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/white-2007-broad-coverage-surface-realization-ccg/)
55. [**Joint Transition-Based Models for Morpho-Syntactic Parsing: Parsing Strategies for MRLs and a Case Study from Modern Hebrew**Amir More, Amit Seker, Victoria Basmova, et al.*2019 · 60 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/more-2019-joint-transition-based-models-morpho/)
56. [**Analysis of Syntax-Based Pronoun Resolution Methods**Joel R. Tetreault*1999 · 60 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/tetreault-1999-analysis-syntax-based-pronoun-resolution/)
57. [**Cross-Domain Generalization of Neural Constituency Parsers**Daniel Fried, Nikita Kitaev, Dan Klein*2019 · 46 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/fried-2019-cross-domain-generalization-neural-constituency/)
58. [**Syntax-augmented Multilingual BERT for Cross-lingual Transfer**Wasi Ahmad, Haoran Li, Kai-Wei Chang, et al.*2021 · 42 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ahmad-2021-syntax-augmented-multilingual-bert-cross/)
59. [**A Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar for English**XTAG Research Group*1998 · 40 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/group-1998-lexicalized-tree-adjoining-grammar-english/)
60. [**At the interface of syntax and prosody: Differentiating left dislocated and tripartite verbless clauses in Biblical Hebrew**Jacobus A. Naudé, Cynthia L. Miller-Naudé*2017 · 32 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/naude-2018-interface-syntax-prosody-differentiating-left/)
61. [**Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar: The handbook**Stefan Müller, Anne Abeillé, Robert D. Borsley, et al.*2021 · 30 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/muller-2021-hpsg-handbook/)
62. [**Translation of "It" in a Deep Syntax Framework**Michal Novák, Anna Nedoluzhko, Zdeněk Žabokrtský*2013 · 29 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/novak-2013-translation-it-deep-syntax-framework/)
63. [**Factorising AMR generation through syntax**Kris Cao, Stephen Clark*2019 · 28 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/cao-2019-factorising-amr-generation-through-syntax/)
64. [**The syntax of comparison constructions in diachronic and dialectal perspective**Agnes Jäger*2019 · 27 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/jager-2019-syntax-comparison-constructions-diachronic-dialectal/)
65. [**A Structured Syntax-Semantics Interface for English-AMR Alignment**Ida Szubert, Adam Lopez, Nathan Schneider*2018 · 26 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/szubert-2018-structured-syntax-semantics-interface-english/)
66. [**Arabic Syntactic Trees: from Constituency to Dependency**Zdenek Zabokrtsky, Otakar Smrz*2003 · 26 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zabokrtsky-2003-arabic-syntactic-trees-constituency-dependency/)
67. [**Now We Stronger than Ever: African-American English Syntax in Twitter**Ian Stewart*2014 · 25 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/stewart-2014-now-we-stronger-than-ever/)
68. [**A More Precise Analysis of Punctuation for Broad-Coverage Surface Realization with CCG**Michael White, Rajakrishnan Rajkumar*2008 · 25 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/white-2008-more-precise-analysis-punctuation-broad/)
69. [**Abstract Syntax as Interlingua: Scaling Up the Grammatical Framework from Controlled Languages to Robust Pipelines**Aarne Ranta, Krasimir Angelov, Normunds Gruzitis, et al.*2020 · 21 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ranta-2020-abstract-syntax-as-interlingua-scaling/)
70. [**A Rich Morphological Tagger for English: Exploring the Cross-Linguistic Tradeoff Between Morphology and Syntax**Christo Kirov, John Sylak-Glassman, Rebecca Knowles, et al.*2017 · 21 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kirov-2017-rich-morphological-tagger-english-exploring/)
71. [**The contribution of Qumran to historical Hebrew linguistics: Evidence from the syntax of participial negation**Jacobus A. Naudé, Cynthia L. Miller-Naudé*2016 · 21 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/naude-2016-contribution-qumran-historical-hebrew-linguistics/)
72. [**Modeling Morphosyntactic Agreement in Constituency-Based Parsing of Modern Hebrew**Reut Tsarfaty, Khalil Sima'an*2010 · 21 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/tsarfaty-2010-modeling-morphosyntactic-agreement-constituency-based/)
73. [**RIGOTRIO at SemEval-2017 Task 9: Combining Machine Learning and Grammar Engineering for AMR Parsing and Generation**Normunds Gruzitis, Didzis Gosko, Guntis Barzdins*2017 · 19 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/gruzitis-2017-rigotrio-semeval-2017-task-9/)
74. [**MWEs in Treebanks: From Survey to Guidelines**Victoria Rosén, Koenraad De Smedt, Gyri Smørdal Losnegaard, et al.*2016 · 19 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/rosen-2016-mwes-treebanks-survey-guidelines/)
75. [**Evaluating a Statistical CCG Parser on Wikipedia**Matthew Honnibal, Joel Nothman, James R. Curran*2009 · 19 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/honnibal-2009-evaluating-statistical-ccg-parser-wikipedia/)
76. [**Parser Evaluation and the BNC: Evaluating 4 constituency parsers with 3 metrics**Jennifer Foster, Josef van Genabith*2008 · 18 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/foster-2008-parser-evaluation-bnc-evaluating-4/)
77. [**Estimation of Probabilistic Context-Free Grammars**Zhiyi Chi, Stuart Geman*1998 · 18 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/chi-1998-estimation-probabilistic-context-free-grammars/)
78. [**Shallow Discourse Parsing Using Constituent Parsing Tree**Changge Chen, Peilu Wang, Hai Zhao*2015 · 15 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/chen-2015-shallow-discourse-parsing-constituent-parsing/)
79. [**A Tree Transducer Model for Synchronous Tree-Adjoining Grammars**Andreas Maletti*2010 · 15 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/maletti-2010-tree-transducer-model-synchronous-tree/)
80. [**Constituency Parsing using LLMs**Xuefeng Bai, Jialong Wu, Yulong Chen, et al.*2023 · 14 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bai-2023-constituency-parsing-using-llms/)
81. [**Projection-based Coreference Resolution Using Deep Syntax**Michal Novák, Anna Nedoluzhko, Zdeněk Žabokrtský*2017 · 14 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/novak-2017-projection-based-coreference-resolution-deep/)
82. [**A Universal Dependencies Conversion Pipeline for a Penn-format Constituency Treebank**Þórunn Arnardóttir, Hinrik Hafsteinsson, Einar Freyr Sigurðsson, et al.*2020 · 11 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/arnardottir-2020-universal-dependencies-conversion-pipeline-penn/)
83. [**Arabic Parsing Using Grammar Transforms**Lamia Tounsi, Josef van Genabith*2010 · 11 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/tounsi-2010-arabic-parsing-grammar-transforms/)
84. [**Universal dependencies for Scottish Gaelic: syntax**Colin Batchelor*2019 · 10 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/batchelor-2019-universal-dependencies-scottish-gaelic-syntax/)
85. [**Datives, data and dialect syntax in American English**Jim Wood, Raffaella Zanuttini*2018 · 10 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wood-2018-datives-data-dialect-syntax-american/)
86. [**Child-Directed Language Does Not Consistently Boost Syntax Learning in Language Models**Francesca Padovani, Jaap Jumelet, Yevgen Matusevych, et al.*2025 · 9 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/padovani-2025-child-directed-language-does-not/)
87. [**Comparison by Conversion: Reverse-Engineering UCCA from Syntax and Lexical Semantics**Daniel Hershcovich, Nathan Schneider, Dotan Dvir, et al.*2020 · 9 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hershcovich-2020-comparison-conversion-reverse-engineering-ucca/)
88. [**Universal Morpho-Syntactic Parsing and the Contribution of Lexica: Analyzing the ONLP Lab Submission to the CoNLL 2018 Shared Task**Amit Seker, Amir More, Reut Tsarfaty*2018 · 9 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/seker-2018-universal-morpho-syntactic-parsing-contribution/)
89. [**German and English Treebanks and Lexica for Tree-Adjoining Grammars**Miriam Kaeshammer, Vera Demberg*2012 · 8 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kaeshammer-2012-german-english-treebanks-lexica-tree/)
90. [**Morphological Analysis Can Improve a CCG Parser for English**Matthew Honnibal, Jonathan K. Kummerfeld, James R. Curran*2010 · 8 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/honnibal-2010-morphological-analysis-can-improve-ccg/)
91. [**The Structure of Interjections in Biblical Hebrew: Phonetics, Morphology, and Syntax**Alexander Andrason, Irina Hornea, Marcus Joubert*2020 · 7 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/andrason-2020-structure-interjections-biblical-hebrew-phonetics/)
92. [**Voice at the Interfaces: The Syntax, Semantics, and Morphology of the Hebrew Verb**Itamar Kastner*2020 · 7 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kastner-2020-voice-at-interfaces-syntax/)
93. [**Fast Context-Free Grammar Parsing Requires Fast Boolean Matrix Multiplication**Lillian Lee*2001 · 7 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lee-2001-fast-context-free-grammar-parsing/)
94. [**On the syntax of object pronouns in Old English and Early Middle English**Chiara De Bastiani, Roland Hinterhölzl*2020 · 6 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bastiani-2020-syntax-object-pronouns-old-english/)
95. [**Mechanisms vs. Outcomes: Probing for Syntax Fails to Explain Performance on Targeted Syntactic Evaluations**Ananth Agarwal, Jasper Jian, Christopher D Manning, et al.*2025 · 4 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/agarwal-2025-mechanisms-vs-outcomes-probing-syntax/)
96. [**Grammatical Framework: an Interlingual Grammar Formalism**Aarne Ranta*2019 · 4 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ranta-2019-grammatical-framework-interlingual-grammar-formalism/)
97. [**Approaching the mountain of Exodus 19: thou shalt explore syntax first**Eep Talstra*2016 · 3 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/talstra-2016-approaching-mountain-exodus-19-thou/)
98. [**A Large and Balanced Multi-Domain Arabic Corpus Annotated for Morphology, Syntax, and Readability**Khalid N. Elmadani, Adel Mahmoud Wizani, Hanada Taha Thomure, et al.*2026 · 2 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/elmadani-2026-large-balanced-multi-domain-arabic/)
99. [**Germanic syntax: A constraint-based view**Stefan Müller*2023 · 2 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/muller-2023-germanic-syntax-constraint-based/)
100. [**Initial Explorations of CCG Supertagging for Universal Dependency Parsing**Burak Kerim Akkus, Heval Azizoglu, Ruket Cakici*2017 · 2 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/akkus-2017-initial-explorations-ccg-supertagging-universal/)
101. [**On the Relation between Context-Free Grammars and Parsing Expression Grammars**Fabio Mascarenhas, Sérgio Medeiros, Roberto Ierusalimschy*2013 · 2 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mascarenhas-2013-relation-between-context-free-grammars/)
102. [**Studies in the Syntax of the Peshitta of 1 Kings**P. J. Williams*1998 · 2 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/williams-1998-studies-syntax-peshitta-1-kings/)
103. [**Language Models Learn Constructional Semantics, Not To Mention Syntax: Investigating LM Understanding of Paired-Focus Constructions**Wesley Scivetti, Ethan Gotlieb Wilcox, Nathan Schneider, et al.*2026 · 1 citation*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/scivetti-2026-language-models-learn-constructional-semantics/)
104. [**The syntax of functional left peripheries: Clause typing in West Germanic and beyond**Julia Bacskai-Atkari*2023 · 1 citation*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/atkari-2023-syntax-functional-left-peripheries/)
105. [**The verse of Gen 1, 1: a subordinate or principal clause? A contribution to the discussion on the syntax of the first sentence of the Hebrew Bible**Daniel Dzikiewicz*2017 · 1 citation*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/dzikiewicz-2017-verse-gen-1-1-subordinate/)
106. [**A prototype for projecting HPSG syntactic lexica towards LMF**Kais Haddar, Hela Fehri, Laurent Romary*2012 · 1 citation*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/haddar-2012-prototype-projecting-hpsg-syntactic-lexica/)
107. [**A Tree Adjoining Grammar Analysis of the Syntax and Semantics of It-Clefts**Chung-hye Han, Nancy Hedberg*2006 · 1 citation*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/han-2006-tree-adjoining-grammar-analysis-syntax/)
108. [**Three studies of grammar-based surface-syntactic parsing of unrestricted English text. A summary and orientation**Atro Voutilainen*1994 · 1 citation*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/voutilainen-1994-three-studies-grammar-based-surface/)
109. [**A Contrastive Analysis of Arabic and Afrikaans Sentence Syntax**Mogamat Igsaan Frieslaar, Jessica Glaeser, Tawffeek Mohammed*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/frieslaar-2026-contrastive-analysis-arabic-afrikaans-sentence/)
110. [**A Feature-Driven Tensor Semantics for Minimalist Grammars**John Paulson, Aniello De Santo, Jonathan Rawski*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/paulson-2026-feature-driven-tensor-semantics-minimalist/)
111. [**CAIT: A Syntactic Parsing Toolkit for Child–Adult InTeractions**Francesca Padovani, Xiulin Yang, Bastian Bunzeck, et al.*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/padovani-2026-cait-syntactic-parsing-toolkit-child/)
112. [**From Syntax to Semantics: Introducing UMR for NLP Annotation**Adriana S. Pagano, Magali Sanches Duran, Federica Gamba*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/pagano-2026-syntax-semantics-introducing-umr-nlp/)
113. [**Meaning Representations as Variational Quantum Circuits**Tilen Gaetano Limbäck-Stokin, Tanishka A. Birdavade, Kin Ian Lo, et al.*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/stokin-2026-meaning-representations-as-variational-quantum/)
114. [**Regression-Tested Compositional Semantics: A Graphical Development Environment for Glue and Description-by-Analysis**Mark-Matthias Zymla, Kascha Kruschwitz*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zymla-2026-regression-tested-compositional-semantics-graphical/)
115. [**Revisiting the syntax of imperatives in Yemeni Arabic: An Agree across phases approach**Mohammed Q. Shormani*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/shormani-2026-revisiting-syntax-imperatives-yemeni-arabic/)
116. [**Sequence Labeling for Constituent Parsing: A Comparative Study and Encoding Innovations**Diego Roca, David Vilares, Carlos Gómez-Rodríguez*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/roca-2026-sequence-labeling-constituent-parsing-comparative/)
117. [**Syntax is the Key to Semantics: Combining Universal Dependencies and Abstract Meaning Representation**Johannes Heinecke*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/heinecke-2026-syntax-is-key-semantics-combining/)
118. [**The syntax of wh-agreement in Yemeni Ibbi Arabic**Ashraf Naji, Mohammed Q. Shormani*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/naji-2026-syntax-wh-agreement-yemeni-ibbi/)
119. [**Expanding the Universal Dependencies Ancient Hebrew Treebank with Constituency Data**Daniel G. Swanson*2025*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/swanson-2025-expanding-universal-dependencies-ancient-hebrew/)
120. [**From Tradition to Transformation: Addressing Challenges and Trends in Arabic Syntax Mastery via Problem-Based Learning**Faida Masruroh, Abdul Basith*2025*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/masruroh-2025-tradition-transformation-addressing-challenges-trends/)
121. [**Investigating the Relationship between Rhetoric and Arabic Syntax Based on the views of Jurjāni and Sakkāki (Case Study: Omission and Apposition in Simile and Metaphor)**Nahid Jamshidi, Ali Asghar Ghahramani Moghbel, Abolfazl Rezaei*2025*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/jamshidi-2025-investigating-relationship-between-rhetoric-arabic/)
122. [**Syntax of referents of relative markers: Evidence from a corpus of learner English**Izabela Czerniak, Debopam Das*2025*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/czerniak-2025-syntax-referents-relative-markers-evidence/)
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