---
title: "Towards Universal Segmentations — Žabokrtský 2022"
description: "Plenty of annotated data already exists for morphological segmentation, that is, dividing a word form into morphs."
authors: ["Zdeněk Žabokrtský", "Niyati Bafna", "Jan Bodnár", "Lukáš Kyjánek", "Emil Svoboda", "Magda Ševčíková", "Jonáš Vidra"]
year: 2022
venue: "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.122/"
licence: "CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/abokrtsky-2022-universal-segmentations-unisegments-1-0/"
---
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# Towards Universal Segmentations: UniSegments 1.0

**Authors:** [Zdeněk Žabokrtský](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/zdenek-zabokrtsku/), [Niyati Bafna](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/niyati-bafna/), Jan Bodnár, Lukáš Kyjánek, Emil Svoboda, Magda Ševčíková, Jonáš Vidra · **Year:** 2022 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.122/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.122.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W7160282845)

**Citations:** 0 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · 6 in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Plenty of annotated data already exists for morphological segmentation, that is, dividing a word form into morphs. However, each resource has its own format, understands the morph in its own way, and segments words with different degrees of completeness. There is no common standard like Universal Dependencies for this task. The authors from Charles University examined 17 existing resources for 32 languages. They compared how these resources represent allomorphy, homonymy, interfixes, and the difference between partial and complete segmentation. On this basis, a unified scheme is proposed. In it, each word is described by a list of segments, and each segment has character positions (span), a type (root, prefix, suffix, interfix, ending, etc.) and, where possible, the corresponding morpheme. All resources were converted into this scheme by automatic converters; no new manual annotation was added. Missing data, such as morph boundaries given a known sequence of morphemes, were reconstructed using heuristics. Harmonized versions of the freely licensed resources have been published as the UniSegments 1.0 collection. This is a step toward giving segmentation the same kind of common standard that UD has become for syntax.

## Key points
- 17 resources and 32 languages are covered. Among them are DeriNet (Czech), DErivBase (German), DerivBase.Ru, Démonette, Échantinom, DerIvaTario, MorphoLex, Word Formation Latin, MorphyNet (15 languages), Uniparser (7 languages, including Erzya, Udmurt and Tajik) and KCIS (Hindi, Marathi, Malayalam, Kannada, Bengali).
- The format is a JSON record for each word with a `segmentation` field. Each segment has a list of character indices (`span`) and a type: `root`, `prefix`, `suffix`, `interfix`, `ending` or `unsegmented`. Attributes specific to the source resource are stored alongside.
- Some resources were converted but not published because of non-free licenses. Among them are CELEX (Dutch, English, German) and the Russian morphemic dictionaries by Kuznetsova–Efremova and Tikhonov.
- Arabic data from MorphoChallenge were not included because morphs could not be aligned with morphemes.
- Ukrainian is not in the collection. The closest languages with data are Russian, Czech, Polish and Croatian.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{zabokrtsku2022universal,
  title = {{Towards Universal Segmentations: UniSegments 1.0}},
  author = {Žabokrtský, Zdeněk and Bafna, Niyati and Bodnár, Jan and Kyjánek, Lukáš and Svoboda, Emil and Ševčíková, Magda and Vidra, Jonáš},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference},
  year = {2022},
  doi = {10.63317/3ukt8xv5nadt},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.63317/3ukt8xv5nadt}
}
```

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