---
title: "Yauti: A Tool for Morphosyntactic Analysis of — Alencar 2023"
description: "The paper describes Yauti, a rule-based tool for morphosyntactic analysis of Nheengatu."
authors: ["Leonel Figueiredo de Alencar"]
year: 2023
venue: "Proceedings of the 14th Brazilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2023.stil-1.14/"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/alencar-2023-yauti-tool-morphosyntactic-analysis-nheengatu/"
---
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# Yauti: A Tool for Morphosyntactic Analysis of Nheengatu within the Universal Dependencies Framework

**Authors:** [Leonel Figueiredo de Alencar](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/leonel-figueiredo-de-alencar/) · **Year:** 2023 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 14th Brazilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2023.stil-1.14/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2023.stil-1.14.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4386915811)

**Citations:** 5 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [2](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary

The paper describes Yauti, a rule-based tool for morphosyntactic analysis of Nheengatu. Nheengatu is an endangered Indigenous language of Brazil with almost no digital resources. Yauti produces annotation in CoNLL-U format following the UD scheme. The tool was developed together with the UD Nheengatu-CompLin treebank and allowed the corpus to grow quickly. It is built on a JSON glossary compiled from the dictionaries of Navarro and Ávila. A morphological generator builds a full-form lexicon from this glossary. The system then splits tokens into syntactic words, including clitics and compound forms, and fills in UPOS and FEATS. It assigns heads and syntactic relations using heuristics based on typical Nheengatu word order. The evaluation was kept separate from unknown-word recognition and disambiguation, so XPOS tags were given in advance. On the treebank, the tool achieved a LAS of 73.2%, and tokenization, lemmas and features are nearly perfect. The author argues that Yauti is also useful for checking the consistency of existing annotation. The paper helps narrow the digital divide for minority languages.

## Key points

- On all 1022 sentences of the UDTB, Yauti achieved a UAS of 80.0 and a LAS of 73.2. This is comparable to the results of UDPipe 2.0 on some treebanks from CoNLL 2018, such as Galician-TreeGal. Tokenization reached 100%, lemmas 99.7%, features about 98.5%, and the SpaceAfter attribute 99.5%.
- On the unseen text MYTH (43 sentences, 580 tokens, an 1876 myth with modernized spelling), the results were LAS 71.0, UAS 76.3, lemmas 96.6%, features 96.8%.
- With the tool's help, UD Nheengatu-CompLin grew from 196 sentences in v2.11 to 860 in v2.12. The development version already has 1022 sentences. It is the second-largest treebank of a Brazilian Indigenous language in UD.
- The glossary has 1552 entries, and the XPOS tagset has 83 tags, including 20 types of particles and 22 subclasses of adverbs.
- The hardest cases are distinguishing pronouns from determiners and auxiliary verbs from main verbs, as well as sentences with verb–subject order, verbless sentences and iobj. The code is open source: github.com/CompLin/nheengatu.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Universal Dependencies](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/universal-dependencies/) · [Treebanks](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/treebanks/)

## Cited by

Cited by

2 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); each has a page here.

- [A Universal Dependencies Treebank for Nheengatu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/alencar-2024-universal-dependencies-treebank-nheengatu/)
- [Parsing Nheengatu: Performance Gains for a Brazilian Indigenous Universal Dependencies Treebank](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/alexandre-2026-parsing-nheengatu-performance-gains-brazilian/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{alencar2023yauti,
  title = {{Yauti: A Tool for Morphosyntactic Analysis of Nheengatu within the Universal Dependencies Framework}},
  author = {Alencar, Leonel Figueiredo de},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 14th Brazilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.5753/stil.2023.234131},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5753/stil.2023.234131}
}
```

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