---
title: "Annotating the French Wiktionary with — Angleraud 2025"
description: "Many languages lack large lexical resources with semantic annotation, which makes it hard to study lexical semantics on large-scale data."
authors: ["Nicolas Angleraud", "Lucie Barque", "Marie Candito"]
year: 2025
venue: "COLING 2025 (Abu Dhabi)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2025.coling-main.356/"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/angleraud-2025-french-wiktionary-supersenses/"
---
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# Annotating the French Wiktionary with supersenses for large scale lexical analysis: a use case to assess form-meaning relationships within the nominal lexicon

**Authors:** Nicolas Angleraud, [Lucie Barque](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/lucie-barque/), [Marie Candito](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/marie-candito/) · **Year:** 2025 · **Venue:** COLING 2025 (Abu Dhabi) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2025.coling-main.356/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2025.coling-main.356.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4417245955)

**Citations:** 0 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14)

## Summary

Many languages lack large lexical resources with semantic annotation, which makes it hard to study lexical semantics on large-scale data. The authors propose a middle path: rather than building a full WordNet, they manually annotate a few thousand senses and train a classifier on them to annotate the rest of the dictionary. The method is applied to the nouns of the French Wiktionary (in the Dbnary format). Each sense is assigned one of 24 supersenses, which are coarse semantic classes derived from WordNet. The classifier combines two sources: the definition text and the usage examples. The result is the resource SuperWikt-fr. On a random test sample, accuracy is almost 85% for supersenses and about 92% for the more general hypersenses. The resource is then used to test, on a large dataset, Croft's hypothesis about the relationship between a noun's morphological structure and its semantic class. The work matters for under-resourced languages, including Ukrainian. It shows that a moderate annotation effort is enough to obtain a lexicon usable for quantitative linguistics. The method can be transferred to any language that has a large Wiktionary.

## Key points

- **Class inventory.** 24 supersenses are used: 21 simple ones and 3 frequent complex types, such as Act*Cognition. The simple supersenses are grouped into 9 hypersenses, and these in turn into three Croft classes: Object, Action, Property. The inventory is based on that of the FrSemCor corpus.
- **Manual annotation.** About 14.2 thousand senses for 5,870 lemmas were annotated manually, with over 10 thousand senses in the training portion. Dev and test each have two samples: a random one and a frequency-based one. Agreement between the two annotators: Cohen's kappa = 0.74.
- **Training data size.** Training on about 4 thousand examples already yields over 80% accuracy. The full set raises it to almost 85%.
- **Testing Croft's hypothesis.** The data largely confirm the predictions and give them a quantitative estimate. Senses with action semantics mostly belong to suffixed nouns (80.9%), and 88.2% of these are derived from verbs. Senses with property semantics are also mostly suffixed (73.6%), but only 53.6% of them are derived from adjectives.
- **Availability.** The SuperWikt-fr resource is published on OSF, and the code for re-annotating new dumps is on GitHub (NicolasAngleraud/SuperWikt-fr). The authors acknowledge a limitation: the sample used for the case study may contain fewer non-derived nouns than the language as a whole.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{angleraud2025annotating,
  title = {{Annotating the French Wiktionary with supersenses for large scale lexical analysis: a use case to assess form-meaning relationships within the nominal lexicon}},
  author = {Angleraud, Nicolas and Barque, Lucie and Candito, Marie},
  booktitle = {COLING 2025 (Abu Dhabi)},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/2025.coling-main.356/}
}
```

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