---
title: "Parsing in the absence of related languages — Aquino 2020"
description: "The authors look for a way to build a dependency parser for a low-resource language that has no typologically close language with a large treebank."
authors: ["Angelina Aquino", "Franz de Leon"]
year: 2020
venue: "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Universal Dependencies (UDW 2020)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2020.udw-1.2/"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/aquino-2020-parsing-absence-related-languages-evaluating/"
---
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# Parsing in the absence of related languages: Evaluating low-resource dependency parsers on Tagalog

**Authors:** Angelina Aquino, Franz de Leon · **Year:** 2020 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Universal Dependencies (UDW 2020) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2020.udw-1.2/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2020.udw-1.2.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W6948378146)

**Citations:** 3 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [6](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The authors look for a way to build a dependency parser for a low-resource language that has no typologically close language with a large treebank. They study Tagalog, an Austronesian language of the Philippines. For this purpose, they manually annotated a new UD treebank, Ugnayan, based on educational texts. They then used WALS distance to select the UD languages closest to Tagalog: Indonesian, Ukrainian, Vietnamese, Romanian and Catalan. In UDPipe, they compared three approaches. The monolingual approach uses only the tiny Tagalog corpus and is evaluated with 10-fold cross-validation. The cross-lingual approach is trained only on source-language data. The multilingual approach combines both sources. They also separately tested the off-the-shelf Stanza (Indonesian model) and UDify. The best tagging and parsing came from the model trained on roughly 900 Tagalog tokens. Adding foreign-language data to it only lowered quality. The practical conclusion is this: when no related donor language is available, a hundred sentences annotated by hand are more useful than tens or hundreds of thousands of tokens from distant languages. For low-resource languages, this is a strong argument for investing in their own annotation.

## Key points
- Ugnayan contains 94 sentences (1011 tokens) with a variety of constructions: complex sentences, questions, inversion. The previous UD treebank, TRG, had only 55 simple sentences (292 tokens).
- According to WALS, no UD language is closer to Tagalog than 0.44. Ukrainian (uk-iu) ranked second with 0.455, after Indonesian with 0.446. Conversely, Tagalog is not among the five languages closest to Ukrainian itself.
- The monolingual UDPipe model achieved F1: UPOS 80.54, UAS 63.47, LAS 55.37. The best cross-lingual model (tl-trg) has an LAS of only 13.11. The best multilingual model (Ugnayan + vi-vtb) has an LAS of 48.65. UDify without Tagalog data gives an LAS of 32.09, but with gold tokenization.
- On news texts (7 sentences, 265 tokens), the LAS of the Ugnayan model drops to 25.86, yet it still outperforms the rest. Spanish and English PUD did not help, even though Tagalog has many loanwords from these languages.
- Given gold POS tags as input, the Ugnayan model reaches an LAS of 66.89. The closest source-language model to it (en-pud) scores 49.77.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Dependency parsing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/dependency-parsing/) · [Treebanks](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/treebanks/)

## Cited by

Cited by

6 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 1 of them have a page here, 5 not yet.

- [The UD-NewsCrawl Treebank: Reflections and Challenges from a Large-scale Tagalog Syntactic Annotation Project](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/aquino-2025-ud-newscrawl-treebank-reflections-challenges/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{aquino2020parsing,
  title = {{Parsing in the absence of related languages: Evaluating low-resource dependency parsers on Tagalog}},
  author = {Aquino, Angelina and Leon, Franz de},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Universal Dependencies (UDW 2020)},
  year = {2020},
  doi = {10.48448/0jhv-jk62},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.48448/0jhv-jk62}
}
```

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