---
title: "Joint Event Trigger Identification and Event — Araki 2015"
description: "Event extraction and event coreference resolution are usually handled in sequence: triggers are detected first and then linked."
authors: ["Jun Araki", "Teruko Mitamura"]
year: 2015
venue: "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/D15-1247/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/d15-1247"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/araki-2015-joint-event-trigger-identification-event/"
---
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# Joint Event Trigger Identification and Event Coreference Resolution with Structured Perceptron

**Authors:** [Jun Araki](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/jun-araki/), [Teruko Mitamura](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/teruko-mitamura/) · **Year:** 2015 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/D15-1247/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/D15-1247.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/d15-1247](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d15-1247) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2251416371)

**Citations:** 42 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [14](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Event extraction and event coreference resolution are usually handled in sequence: triggers are detected first and then linked. In that setup, a weak trigger detector can miss mentions such as abstract nominals or pronouns, and coreference evidence could otherwise have helped identify them. Araki and Mitamura address this with a single document-level model that predicts event triggers and coreference links together. They frame the output as an event graph, in which nodes are triggers (possibly multi-token) and edges are coreference links. The graph is learned with an averaged structured perceptron and beam search. Their incremental joint decoder combines segment-based trigger decoding with best-first clustering, which avoids the difficulty of synchronizing partial token-level labels with coreference decisions. Experiments on the biology-domain ProcessBank corpus compare the joint model against a two-stage pipeline that uses the same features and learner. The joint model improves coreference quality, mainly by reducing false positives, while trigger identification stays roughly unchanged. The work shows that the two tasks can benefit from being modeled jointly.

## Key points
- Data: ProcessBank, a set of 200 paragraphs taken from Campbell and Reece's (2005) *Biology* textbook, split into 120 train, 30 dev and 50 test paragraphs. It contains 1403 event triggers and 131 coreference links, and about 13.4% of the triggers span multiple tokens.
- Event coreference on test: the joint model reaches 31.91 BLANC F1 versus 25.05 for the pipeline (+6.9) and 47.45 CoNLL F1 versus 45.66 (+1.8). Most of the gain comes from higher precision.
- Trigger identification is nearly identical: the joint model scores 60.21 F1 and the baseline 60.68. The authors attribute this to the small corpus.
- Training details:
  - The standard perceptron update was kept; early update performed worse, and max-violation update gave similar results.
  - Beam width was set to k=1 because the development set has only 28 coreferences.
  - Features come from Stanford CoreNLP, MATE, OpenNLP, Nomlex and Levin verb classes.
- Future work includes scaling to ACE 2005 (likely requiring mini-batch distributed training) and adding event types, arguments and subevent relations.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Coreference resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/coreference-resolution/)

## Cited by

Cited by

14 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 5 of them have a page here, 9 not yet.

- [Cross-Document Event Coreference Resolution on Discourse Structure](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/chen-2023-cross-document-event-coreference-resolution/)
- [Joint Inference for Event Coreference Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/lu-2016-joint-inference-event-coreference-resolution/)
- [Constrained Multi-Task Learning for Event Coreference Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/lu-2021-constrained-multi-task-learning-event/)
- [Exploiting Document Structures and Cluster Consistencies for Event Coreference Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/tran-2021-exploiting-document-structures-cluster-consistencies/)
- [MAVEN: A Massive General Domain Event Detection Dataset](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/wang-2020-maven-massive-general-domain-event/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{araki2015joint,
  title = {{Joint Event Trigger Identification and Event Coreference Resolution with Structured Perceptron}},
  author = {Araki, Jun and Mitamura, Teruko},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  year = {2015},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/d15-1247},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d15-1247}
}
```

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