---
title: "Universal Dependencies for Punjabi — Arora 2022"
description: "Universal Dependencies (UD) barely covers the languages of South Asia: only Hindi and Urdu have large treebanks."
authors: ["Aryaman Arora"]
year: 2022
venue: "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.613/"
licence: "CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/arora-2022-universal-dependencies-punjabi/"
---
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# Universal Dependencies for Punjabi

**Authors:** [Aryaman Arora](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/aryaman-arora/) · **Year:** 2022 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.613/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.613.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W7160257064)

**Citations:** 0 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [6](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Universal Dependencies (UD) barely covers the languages of South Asia: only Hindi and Urdu have large treebanks. Punjabi, spoken natively by more than 100 million people, still had no UD corpus. The author created the first UD treebank for Punjabi in the Gurmukhi script (the standard Majhi dialect). The texts were selected manually from various sources: news, editorials, blogs, and selected sentences from IndicCorp and FLORES-101. As a result, the corpus is less skewed toward news than existing resources. The annotation was done by a single native speaker in UD Annotatrix. It covers POS tags, syntactic dependencies, and Enhanced Dependencies. Most of the paper explains the decisions made for difficult phenomena: multiword postpositions, the copula, subjects in oblique cases, complex predicates, and displaced relative clauses. No parser has been trained yet, so there are no scores such as LAS. The value of the paper lies in a new open resource and well-motivated annotation decisions that can be carried over to other Indo-Aryan languages.

## Key points
- The corpus is small: about 6,220 tokens and roughly 300 sentences. The most frequent POS tags are NOUN (21.9%) and ADP (17.1%), and the most frequent relation is case (14.9%).
- For "noun/adjective + light verb" constructions, the subtype compound:lvc is introduced, with the verb treated as the head. 28% of verbs occur in such constructions. For aspectual verb combinations, compound:svc is used rather than aux, as in the Hindi and Urdu treebanks.
- Subjects in the dative and locative cases are labeled nsubj. The agent in the passive is labeled obl:agent.
- In multiword postpositions, the first element is labeled case, and the rest are attached via fixed. Case markers fused with pronouns were deliberately left unsplit.
- Enhanced Dependencies (in particular ref for relative pronouns) are applied to a language of this group for the first time. Future plans include morphological features, an inter-annotator agreement check, parser training, and a corpus in the Shahmukhi script.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Universal Dependencies](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/universal-dependencies/) · [Treebanks](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/treebanks/) · [Part-of-speech tagging](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/part-of-speech-tagging/)

## Cited by

Cited by

6 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 2 of them have a page here, 4 not yet.

- [Universal Dependencies for Saraiki](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/alam-2024-universal-dependencies-saraiki/)
- [Universal Dependencies for Sindhi](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/bauer-2025-universal-dependencies-sindhi/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{arora2022universal,
  title = {{Universal Dependencies for Punjabi}},
  author = {Arora, Aryaman},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference},
  year = {2022},
  doi = {10.63317/5eih9848bweq},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.63317/5eih9848bweq}
}
```

- [← previous Universal Dependencies and Semantics for English and Hebrew Child-directed Speech](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/ud-2022-szubert-universal-dependencies-semantics-english-hebrew/)
- [next → Universal Grammatical Dependencies for Portuguese with CINTIL Data, LX Processing and CLARIN support](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/branco-2022-universal-grammatical-dependencies-portuguese-cintil/)
- [↑ back to papers of 2022](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/2022/page/4/)

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