---
title: "Cross-lingual and Supervised Models for — Aufrant 2016"
description: "Romanian is a Romance language, but few annotated corpora exist for it."
authors: ["Lauriane Aufrant", "Guillaume Wisniewski", "François Yvon"]
year: 2016
venue: "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'16)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/L16-1241/"
licence: "CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/aufrant-2016-cross-lingual-supervised-models-morphosyntactic/"
---
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# Cross-lingual and Supervised Models for Morphosyntactic Annotation: a Comparison on Romanian

**Authors:** [Lauriane Aufrant](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/lauriane-aufrant/), [Guillaume Wisniewski](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/guillaume-wisniewski/), [François Yvon](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/francois-yvon/) · **Year:** 2016 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'16) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/L16-1241/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/L16-1241.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2578368289)

**Citations:** 3 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · 2 in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Romanian is a Romance language, but few annotated corpora exist for it. As a result, standard supervised PoS taggers and dependency parsers perform considerably worse on it than on French or English. The authors test whether cross-lingual transfer can help in this setting. The work is valuable because the test is carried out on a genuinely low-resource language, whereas such methods are usually evaluated on well-resourced ones. For tagging, the approach of Täckström et al. (2013) is reproduced. Tags are projected onto Romanian Europarl sentences via alignment with English, French, Italian and Spanish, and are then filtered with dictionary constraints from Wiktionary. For parsing, the delexicalized multi-source transfer of McDonald et al. (2011) is used. Both approaches are compared with supervised models trained on subsets of the RSAC treebank of various sizes. The finding is that even a small amount of manual annotation in the target language is more useful than large parallel corpora. For parsing, about 15 annotated sentences are enough. The authors therefore recommend hybrid approaches that combine transfer with a small amount of annotation. This applies to any low-resource language.

## Key points
- **Data.** RSAC (Perez, 2012) contains 67,686 tokens and 3,587 sentences and is split into train and test sets. The Romanian part of UD 1.2 contained only 633 sentences. For transfer, 300,000 Romanian Europarl sentences aligned with en, fr, it and es were used.
- **Dictionary.** 405,125 word forms were collected from the English and Romanian Wiktionary and mapped to universal PoS tags. The dictionary covers 69% of RSAC types.
- **Tagging accuracy.** The transfer tagger reaches 79.1–79.6. Adding 15 manual rules for clitics and function words raises accuracy to 81.8–82.7; the best source languages are fr and es (82.7). The supervised tagger reaches 88.8. English as a source language is almost as good as the Romance languages.
- **Comparison with manual annotation.** The best transfer tagger performs on par with a supervised tagger trained on only 363 sentences. For parsing, transfer is outperformed by a model trained on about 15 annotated Romanian sentences.
- **Typical errors.** Errors are most frequent on adverbs, the class with the largest share of Slavic loanwords (about 20%). The ambiguous "a", which can be DET, VERB or PRT, is also difficult. A large share of the errors comes from differences in tokenization and annotation schemes across corpora.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Part-of-speech tagging](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/part-of-speech-tagging/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{aufrant2016cross,
  title = {{Cross-lingual and Supervised Models for Morphosyntactic Annotation: a Comparison on Romanian}},
  author = {Aufrant, Lauriane and Wisniewski, Guillaume and Yvon, François},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'16)},
  year = {2016},
  doi = {10.63317/5bd4x3h3dqjx},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.63317/5bd4x3h3dqjx}
}
```

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## References

14 references, 2 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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