---
title: "OpenLogos Semantico-Syntactic Knowledge-Rich — Barreiro 2014"
description: "The authors release three bilingual dictionaries from the open-source machine translation system OpenLogos: English-German, English-French and…"
authors: ["Anabela Barreiro", "Fernando Batista", "Ricardo Ribeiro", "Helena Moniz", "Isabel Trancoso"]
year: 2014
venue: "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'14)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/L14-1109/"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/barreiro-2014-openlogos-semantico-syntactic-knowledge-rich/"
---
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# OpenLogos Semantico-Syntactic Knowledge-Rich Bilingual Dictionaries

**Authors:** Anabela Barreiro, Fernando Batista, Ricardo Ribeiro, Helena Moniz, [Isabel Trancoso](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/isabel-trancoso/) · **Year:** 2014 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'14) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/L14-1109/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/L14-1109.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2252116207)

**Citations:** 6 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · 1 in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The authors release three bilingual dictionaries from the open-source machine translation system OpenLogos: English-German, English-French and English-Italian. The Logos system was created by Bernard Scott in the early 1970s. Its dictionaries were used for several decades in a commercial product, so they were checked by both the developers and the customers. Ordinary dictionaries usually give only part of speech, gender and number. In these resources, each entry also carries semantico-syntactic annotation in the SAL language. SAL is a hierarchical ontology in which the meaning and the syntactic behavior of a word are encoded at the same level. It helps distinguish word senses already at the lexical level. In addition, the dictionaries contain morphological paradigms for both languages, as well as markers for homographs, the head word in multiword units, the auxiliary verb, causativity, reflexivity and aspect. The paper explains the principles of SAL and illustrates the XML structure of the entries with examples. The resources are freely available for research through METANET. The authors consider them useful for other translation systems, for other NLP tasks and for low-resource languages.

## Key points
- SAL comprises more than 1 000 categories covering all parts of speech. They are grouped on three levels: superset, set and subset. In the dictionary the categories are stored as numeric codes, while in the paper they are given as mnemonics for convenience (for example, ANrept, INMO, AVquan).
- How SAL distinguishes senses: *table* has two codes, COsurf (a concrete object with a surface) and INdata (recorded data). English *crocodile* is translated into German as Ziehbank when it refers to a mechanism and as Krokodil when it refers to the reptile.
- The idea behind SAL is that a word's semantics influences the syntax around it. For example, adjectives of the *easy* type and of the *eager* type behave differently in a sentence, so they receive different codes.
- Each word is linked to a morphological paradigm (PAT) whose model is a typical word: *walk*, *book*, *parler*, *Hand*. This makes it possible to map word forms between the source and target languages, which helps with agreement.
- The dictionaries are provided in XML format. The authors also plan to release English-Portuguese, English-Spanish and German-English dictionaries.

The quantitative section of the paper (Section 5) is missing from the provided text, so I do not give the exact number of entries in the dictionaries.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{barreiro2014openlogos,
  title = {{OpenLogos Semantico-Syntactic Knowledge-Rich Bilingual Dictionaries}},
  author = {Barreiro, Anabela and Batista, Fernando and Ribeiro, Ricardo and Moniz, Helena and Trancoso, Isabel},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'14)},
  year = {2014},
  doi = {10.63317/3qinsvcfm6xd},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.63317/3qinsvcfm6xd}
}
```

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