---
title: "Effective Domain Mixing for Neural Machine — Britz 2017"
description: "NMT systems are often trained on pooled data from very different sources, but simply concatenating such corpora can lower quality on each individual…"
authors: ["Denny Britz", "Quoc Le", "Reid Pryzant"]
year: 2017
venue: "Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/W17-4712/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/w17-4712"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/britz-2017-effective-domain-mixing-neural-machine/"
---
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# Effective Domain Mixing for Neural Machine Translation

**Authors:** Denny Britz, [Quoc Le](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/quoc-le/), [Reid Pryzant](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/reid-pryzant/) · **Year:** 2017 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/W17-4712/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/W17-4712.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/w17-4712](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w17-4712) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2760452458)

**Citations:** 100 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [55](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
NMT systems are often trained on pooled data from very different sources, but simply concatenating such corpora can lower quality on each individual domain. The authors (Pryzant and Britz, equal contribution, with Le) ask how one model trained on multi-domain data can outperform domain-specific models on every component domain without knowing a sentence's domain at test time. They extend an attentional LSTM encoder-decoder in three ways. The first is a jointly trained discriminator that predicts the domain from the encoder's attention context. The second is an adversarial variant that reverses the discriminator's gradients, which pushes the encoder toward domain-invariant features. The third is a domain token that the decoder emits as its first output and that is dropped at inference. Experiments pair contrasting corpora for EN-JA, EN-ZH and EN-FR. Naive mixing hurt distant domain pairs. All three methods beat domain-specific baselines, with the discriminator the most reliable. They gave an average gain of 1.1 BLEU and state-of-the-art EN-JA results, which is useful for systems that receive input of unknown origin.

## Key points
- EN-JA data: ASPEC (about 3M scientific sentence pairs) and SubCrawl (about 3.2M subtitle pairs crawled from the web), with a shared 32,000 subword vocabulary. EN-ZH (WMT'17 news commentary vs. TED) and EN-FR (Europarl vs. OpenSubtitles) each have about 200k training pairs.
- Domain distance was measured with a proxy A-distance computed from a bag-of-words SVM: 1.89 for ASPEC/SubCrawl, 1.73 for News/TED and 1.23 for Europarl/OpenSubs.
- When domains are close, as in EN-FR, plain merging already helps. The degradation from naive mixing grows as domains become more distant.
- Model setup: 4-layer bidirectional LSTM encoder with 512 units, 4-layer LSTM decoder, Bahdanau attention, Adam (lr 0.0001) and 8 K40m GPUs. EN-JA was scored with KyTea and the other pairs with Moses tokenization.
- Unlike source-side domain tags (Kobus et al., 2016), none of the proposed methods needs domain labels at inference. The discriminator can also be removed after training.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/) · [Machine translation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/machine-translation/)

Topics: [Machine translation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/machine-translation/)

## Cited by

Cited by

55 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 1 of them have a page here, 54 not yet.

- [A Survey of Domain Adaptation for Neural Machine Translation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/chu-2018-survey-domain-adaptation-neural-machine/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{britz2017effective,
  title = {{Effective Domain Mixing for Neural Machine Translation}},
  author = {Britz, Denny and Le, Quoc and Pryzant, Reid},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation},
  year = {2017},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/w17-4712},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w17-4712}
}
```

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