---
title: "BART: A Multilingual Anaphora Resolution — Broscheit 2010"
description: "BART is a modular coreference resolution toolkit, first built for English, which the authors adapt to German and Italian for SemEval-2010 task 1."
authors: ["Samuel Broscheit", "Massimo Poesio", "Simone Paolo Ponzetto", "Kepa Joseba Rodriguez", "Lorenza Romano", "Olga Uryupina", "Yannick Versley", "Roberto Zanoli"]
year: 2010
venue: "Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/S10-1021/"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/broscheit-2010-bart-multilingual-anaphora-resolution-system/"
---
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# BART: A Multilingual Anaphora Resolution System

**Authors:** [Samuel Broscheit](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/samuel-broscheit/), [Massimo Poesio](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/massimo-poesio/), [Simone Paolo Ponzetto](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/simone-paolo-ponzetto/), [Kepa Joseba Rodriguez](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/kepa-joseba-rodriguez/), [Lorenza Romano](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/lorenza-romano/), [Olga Uryupina](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/olga-uryupina/), [Yannick Versley](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/yannick-versley/), Roberto Zanoli · **Year:** 2010 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/S10-1021/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/S10-1021.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W155168364)

**Citations:** 42 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [13](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
BART is a modular coreference resolution toolkit, first built for English, which the authors adapt to German and Italian for SemEval-2010 task 1. The system splits the work into a preprocessing pipeline, a mention factory, feature extraction, a decoder that trains a pairwise classifier, and an encoder that applies it and builds coreference chains. A separate LanguagePlugin holds all language-dependent knowledge. Retraining on a new corpus gives a language-agnostic baseline. This baseline is then improved with language-specific mention detection and features: GermaNet relatedness and morphological stem matching for German, hand-built aliasing rules for Italian, and an entity-mention model based on Semantic Trees for English. German and Italian use a pairwise maximum entropy classifier. On the SemEval data, BART ranked first among regular-track systems for German in both mention detection and coreference. It also performed well on English across metrics and gave reasonable Italian results despite head-alignment mismatches. The work is an early step toward a freely available, easily portable coreference resolver that keeps linguistic knowledge apart from the learning machinery.

## Key points
- The architecture has five components plus the LanguagePlugin. The preprocessing output is stored as separate XML layers.
- **English mention detection:** base noun phrases are taken from parses produced by the Petrov et al. (2006) constituent parser.
- **English entity model:** each discourse entity gets a Semantic Tree "filecard" with types, attributes (premodifiers) and relations (prepositional postmodifiers). Filecards are merged when mentions are linked, and incompatible ones block wrong links. StrudelRelatedness adds a cosine score from the Strudel distributional model.
- **German:** SemEval dependency trees are converted to constituents, and non-referring positions such as expletive "es" are skipped. Added features are NodeDistance, PartialMorphMatch (stems via SMOR/Morphisto) and GermanetRelatedness (Pathfinder library, Wu & Palmer measure).
- **Italian:** mentions are detected with Typhoon and DEMention, and heads come from MaltParser trained on TUT. The mention detector uses affixes (1–4 characters), TextPro output, phone-book and Wikipedia gazetteers, and WordNet within a ±2-word window. AliasItalian covers designators such as "S.p.a". The paper reports no numeric scores, only rankings relative to other systems.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Coreference resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/coreference-resolution/)

## Cited by

Cited by

13 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 3 of them have a page here, 10 not yet.

- [Modelling pronominal anaphora in statistical machine translation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/hardmeier-2010-modelling-pronominal-anaphora-statistical-machine/)
- [Latent Anaphora Resolution for Cross-Lingual Pronoun Prediction](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/hardmeier-2013-latent-anaphora-resolution-cross-lingual/)
- [IMS HotCoref DE: A Data-driven Co-reference Resolver for German](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/roesiger-2016-ims-hotcoref-de-data-driven/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{broscheit2010bart,
  title = {{BART: A Multilingual Anaphora Resolution System}},
  author = {Broscheit, Samuel and Poesio, Massimo and Ponzetto, Simone Paolo and Rodriguez, Kepa Joseba and Romano, Lorenza and Uryupina, Olga and Versley, Yannick and Zanoli, Roberto},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation},
  year = {2010},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/S10-1021/}
}
```

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## References

12 references, 6 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

1. Marco Baroni, Brian Murphy, Eduard Barbu, and Massimo Poesio. 2010. Strudel: A corpus-based semantic model based on properties and types. Cognitive Science, 34(2):222–254. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Marco+Baroni%2C+Brian+Murphy%2C+Eduard+Barbu%2C+and+Massimo+Poesio%2E+2010%2E+Strudel%3A+A+corpus%2Dbased+semantic+model+based+on+properties+and+types%2E+Cognitive+Science%2C+34%282%29%3A222%E2%80%93254%2E)
2. Silvana Marianela Bernaola Biggio, Claudio Giuliano, Massimo Poesio, Yannick Versley, Olga Uryupina, and Roberto Zanoli. 2009. Local entity detection and recognition task. In Proc. of Evalita-09. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Silvana+Marianela+Bernaola+Biggio%2C+Claudio+Giuliano%2C+Massimo+Poesio%2C+Yannick+Versley%2C+Olga+Uryupina%2C+and+Roberto+Zanoli%2E+2009%2E+Local+entity+detection+and+recognition+task%2E+In+Proc%2E+of+Evalita%2D09%2E)
3. Samuel Broscheit, Simone Paolo Ponzetto, Yannick Versley, and Massimo Poesio. 2010. Extending BART to provide a coreference resolution system for German. In Proc. of LREC ’10. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Samuel+Broscheit%2C+Simone+Paolo+Ponzetto%2C+Yannick+Versley%2C+and+Massimo+Poesio%2E+2010%2E+Extending+BART+to+provide+a+coreference+resolution+system+for+German%2E+In+Proc%2E+of+LREC+%E2%80%9910%2E) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/broscheit-2010-extending-bart-provide-coreference-resolution/)
4. Marc Finthammer and Irene Cramer. 2008. Exploring and navigating: Tools for GermaNet. In Proc. of LREC ’08. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Marc+Finthammer+and+Irene+Cramer%2E+2008%2E+Exploring+and+navigating%3A+Tools+for+GermaNet%2E+In+Proc%2E+of+LREC+%E2%80%9908%2E)
5. Joakim Nivre, Johan Hall, Jens Nilsson, Atanas Chanev, Gulsen Eryigit, Sandra Kübler, Svetoslav Marinov, and Erwin Marsi. 2007. Maltparser: A language-independent system for data-driven dependency parsing. Natural Language Engineering, 13(2):95–135. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Joakim+Nivre%2C+Johan+Hall%2C+Jens+Nilsson%2C+Atanas+Chanev%2C+Gulsen+Eryigit%2C+Sandra+Ku%CC%88bler%2C+Svetoslav+Marinov%2C+and+Erwin+Marsi%2E+2007%2E+Maltparser%3A+A+language%2Dindependent+system+for+data%2Ddriven+dependency+pa)
6. Slav Petrov, Leon Barett, Romain Thibaux, and Dan Klein. 2006. Learning accurate, compact, and interpretable tree annotation. In Proc. of COLING-ACL-06. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Slav+Petrov%2C+Leon+Barett%2C+Romain+Thibaux%2C+and+Dan+Klein%2E+2006%2E+Learning+accurate%2C+compact%2C+and+interpretable+tree+annotation%2E+In+Proc%2E+of+COLING%2DACL%2D06%2E) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/aclbulk-2006-petrov-learning-accurate-compact-interpretable-tree/)
7. Massimo Poesio, Olga Uryupina, and Yannick Versley. 2010. Creating a coreference resolution system for Italian. In Proc. of LREC ’10. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Massimo+Poesio%2C+Olga+Uryupina%2C+and+Yannick+Versley%2E+2010%2E+Creating+a+coreference+resolution+system+for+Italian%2E+In+Proc%2E+of+LREC+%E2%80%9910%2E) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/poesio-2010-creating-coreference-resolution-system-italian/)
8. Helmut Schmid, Arne Fitschen, and Ulrich Heid. 2004. SMOR: A German computational morphology covering derivation, composition and inflection. In Proc. of LREC ’04. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Helmut+Schmid%2C+Arne+Fitschen%2C+and+Ulrich+Heid%2E+2004%2E+SMOR%3A+A+German+computational+morphology+covering+derivation%2C+composition+and+inflection%2E+In+Proc%2E+of+LREC+%E2%80%9904%2E) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/schmid-2004-smor-german-computational-morphology-covering/)
9. Wee Meng Soon, Hwee Tou Ng, and Daniel Chung Yong Lim. 2001. A machine learning approach to coreference resolution of noun phrases. Computational Linguistics (Special Issue on Computational Anaphora Resolution), 27(4):521–544. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Wee+Meng+Soon%2C+Hwee+Tou+Ng%2C+and+Daniel+Chung+Yong+Lim%2E+2001%2E+A+machine+learning+approach+to+coreference+resolution+of+noun+phrases%2E+Computational+Linguistics+%28Special+Issue+on+Computational+Anaphora+R) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/soon-2001-machine-learning-approach-coreference-resolution/)
10. Yannick Versley, Simone Paolo Ponzetto, Massimo Poesio, Vladimir Eidelman, Alan Jern, Jason Smith, Xiaofeng Yang, and Alessandro Moschitti. 2008. BART: A modular toolkit for coreference resolution. In Proceedings of the Linguistic Coreference Workshop at the International Conference on Language Reso… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Yannick+Versley%2C+Simone+Paolo+Ponzetto%2C+Massimo+Poesio%2C+Vladimir+Eidelman%2C+Alan+Jern%2C+Jason+Smith%2C+Xiaofeng+Yang%2C+and+Alessandro+Moschitti%2E+2008%2E+BART%3A+A+modular+toolkit+for+coreference+resolution%2E+In) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/versley-2008-bart-modular-toolkit-coreference-resolution/)
11. Zhibiao Wu and Martha Palmer. 1994. Verb semantics and lexical selection. In Proc. of ACL-94, pages 133– 138. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Zhibiao+Wu+and+Martha+Palmer%2E+1994%2E+Verb+semantics+and+lexical+selection%2E+In+Proc%2E+of+ACL%2D94%2C+pages+133%E2%80%93+138%2E)
12. Roberto Zanoli, Emiliano Pianta, and Claudio Giuliano. 2009. Named entity recognition through redundancy driven classifier. In Proc. of Evalita-09. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Roberto+Zanoli%2C+Emiliano+Pianta%2C+and+Claudio+Giuliano%2E+2009%2E+Named+entity+recognition+through+redundancy+driven+classifier%2E+In+Proc%2E+of+Evalita%2D09%2E)