---
title: "End-to-End Coreference Resolution via Hypergraph — Cai 2010"
description: "Cai and Strube address coreference resolution, the task of grouping entity mentions so that each group refers to one entity."
authors: ["Jie Cai", "Michael Strube"]
year: 2010
venue: "Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2010)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/C10-1017/"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/cai-2010-end-end-coreference-resolution-hypergraph/"
---
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# End-to-End Coreference Resolution via Hypergraph Partitioning

**Authors:** [Jie Cai](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/jie-cai/), [Michael Strube](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/michael-strube/) · **Year:** 2010 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2010) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/C10-1017/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/C10-1017.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W1578378854)

**Citations:** 41 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [14](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Cai and Strube address coreference resolution, the task of grouping entity mentions so that each group refers to one entity. Most earlier systems use two stages: a pairwise classifier, then a separate clustering step. The authors argue that this loses global information. Their system, COPA (Coreference Partitioner), instead makes a single global decision. Each document becomes a hypergraph whose vertices are mentions and whose hyperedges are relational features linking two or more mentions. Training is used only to estimate hyperedge weights, which are the fraction of feature instances that are truly coreferent. Resolution then recursively bi-partitions the hypergraph with spectral clustering under the Normalized Cut criterion. A tuned threshold decides when to stop splitting, and a degree heuristic removes singletons.

The system runs end-to-end with an automatic ACE mention tagger and is evaluated only on system mentions, which the authors consider the realistic setting. Using the same feature set, COPA outperforms reimplemented versions of two earlier systems, Bengtson & Roth (2008) and Soon et al. (2001), chiefly through better recall. This shows that one-step global partitioning is a workable alternative to classify-then-cluster pipelines.

## Key points
- **Data and baselines:** Evaluation covers MUC7, ACE 2003 and ACE 2004 using system mentions only. Metrics are MUC, B³sys and CEAFsys. Most gains over the SOON baseline are statistically significant.
- **Comparison with B&R (B³sys F):**
  - On ACE 2003, COPA scores 77.5 against 71.4 for B&R.
  - On ACE 2004, COPA scores 75.6 against 74.8 for B&R.
  - COPA trades some precision for higher recall.
- **Learned weights:** Hyperedge weights come from simple training statistics. Examples on ACE 2004 are Alias 0.702 and StrMatch_Pron 0.568.
- **Partitioning method:**
  - The partitioner follows Agarwal et al. (2005) and uses the symmetric Laplacian.
  - Eigensolving costs O(n³) in the number of mentions, which is manageable for a few hundred mentions per document.
  - Flat-K partitioning was also tried but performed worse.
- **Speed and future work:** Preprocessing, training and partitioning ACE 2004 takes about 15 minutes on 2 Opteron CPUs with 8 GB RAM. Planned future work includes constrained clustering and better handling of positional information.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Coreference resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/coreference-resolution/)

## Cited by

Cited by

14 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 9 of them have a page here, 5 not yet.

- [Unrestricted Coreference Resolution via Global Hypergraph Partitioning](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/cai-2011-unrestricted-coreference-resolution-global-hypergraph/)
- [A Unified Event Coreference Resolution by Integrating Multiple Resolvers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/chen-2011-unified-event-coreference-resolution-integrating/)
- [Latent Trees for Coreference Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/fernandes-2014-latent-trees-coreference-resolution/)
- [Improving pairwise coreference models through feature space hierarchy learning](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/lassalle-2013-improving-pairwise-coreference-models-through/)
- [Multigraph Clustering for Unsupervised Coreference Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/martschat-2013-multigraph-clustering-unsupervised-coreference-resolution/)
- [Recall Error Analysis for Coreference Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/martschat-2014-recall-error-analysis-coreference-resolution/)
- [Latent Structures for Coreference Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/martschat-2015-latent-structures-coreference-resolution/)
- [A Constraint-Based Hypergraph Partitioning Approach to Coreference Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/sapena-2013-constraint-based-hypergraph-partitioning-approach/)
- [Learning Global Features for Coreference Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/wiseman-2016-learning-global-features-coreference-resolution/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{cai2010end,
  title = {{End-to-End Coreference Resolution via Hypergraph Partitioning}},
  author = {Cai, Jie and Strube, Michael},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2010)},
  year = {2010},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/C10-1017/}
}
```

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## References

28 references, 15 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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