---
title: "Pulling their Weight — Cook 2007"
description: "The paper tackles token-level idiom identification: deciding whether a specific occurrence of an ambiguous verb+noun combination (VNC), such as make a…"
authors: ["Paul Cook", "Afsaneh Fazly", "Suzanne Stevenson"]
year: 2007
venue: "Proceedings of the Workshop on A Broader Perspective on Multiword Expressions"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/W07-1106/"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/cook-2007-pulling-their-weight-exploiting-syntactic/"
---
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[home](https://md.research.elamur.ai/) / [papers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/) / [2007](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/2007/) / Pulling their Weight: Exploiting Syntactic Forms for the Automatic Identification of Idiomatic Expressions in Context

# Pulling their Weight: Exploiting Syntactic Forms for the Automatic Identification of Idiomatic Expressions in Context

**Authors:** [Paul Cook](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/paul-cook/), [Afsaneh Fazly](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/afsaneh-fazly/), [Suzanne Stevenson](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/suzanne-stevenson/) · **Year:** 2007 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Workshop on A Broader Perspective on Multiword Expressions · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/W07-1106/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/W07-1106.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W7096671794)

**Citations:** 0 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [42](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The paper tackles token-level idiom identification: deciding whether a specific occurrence of an ambiguous verb+noun combination (VNC), such as *make a face*, is meant idiomatically or literally. Earlier work mostly classified expression types, or treated token classification as sense disambiguation based only on surrounding words. The authors instead use a type-level property, syntactic fixedness. Idioms tend to appear in one or a few canonical forms (for example, a particular voice, determiner and noun number), while literal uses vary more. They propose three unsupervised classifiers. CForm labels a token idiomatic whenever it appears in an automatically learned canonical form. Two Diff methods compare a token's co-occurrence vector against vectors representing the idiomatic and literal readings. The data are VNCs and canonical forms from Fazly and Stevenson (2006), with annotated sentences drawn from the BNC. All three methods beat the majority-class baseline, and the best one comes close to a supervised kNN classifier. This shows that type-based syntactic knowledge can stand in for labelled training data.

## Key points
- The candidate set was 60 VNCs, each with BNC frequency ≥ 20 and listed in an idiom dictionary. The authors annotated 1180 tokens of 28 VNCs, and about 40% of these tokens were literal uses.
- Canonical forms come from the unsupervised FS06 method, which selects forms occurring much more often than the expression's average form.
- The two Diff variants estimate the literal meaning differently. Diff(I-CF, L-NCF) builds it from non-canonical-form usages. Diff(I-CF, L-Comp) builds it compositionally by summing the component word vectors. Similarity is measured with cosine.
- Overall, the best unsupervised accuracy was 72.4%, compared with 76.2% for a standard supervised approach.
- On VNCs with mostly idiomatic usage, CForm reached 84.7%, against 82.3% for 5NN and an 81.4% baseline. On VNCs where idiomatic use is less frequent, the unsupervised methods fell behind 5NN (72.4%), which the authors attribute to less reliable canonical forms.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

## Cited by

Cited by

42 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 8 of them have a page here, 34 not yet.

- [Domain-Dependent Detection of Light Verb Constructions](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/aclbulk-2011-nagy-domain-dependent-detection-light-verb/)
- [Survey: Multiword Expression Processing: A Survey](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/constant-2017-survey-multiword-expression-processing-survey/)
- [Unsupervised Type and Token Identification of Idiomatic Expressions](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/fazly-2009-unsupervised-type-token-identification-idiomatic/)
- [ID10M-JAM: Stress-Testing Idiom Identification Under Challenging Context](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/hashiloni-2026-id10m-jam-stress-testing-idiom/)
- [An Empirical Study on Compositionality in Compound Nouns](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/reddy-2011-empirical-study-compositionality-compound-nouns/)
- [PARSEME 2.0 Multilingual Corpus of Multiword Expressions](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/savary-2026-parseme-2-0-multilingual-corpus/)
- [Unsupervised Recognition of Literal and Non-Literal Use of Idiomatic Expressions](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/sporleder-2009-unsupervised-recognition-literal-non-literal/)
- [ID10M: Idiom Identification in 10 Languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/tedeschi-2022-id10m-idiom-identification-10-languages/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{cook2007pulling,
  title = {{Pulling their Weight: Exploiting Syntactic Forms for the Automatic Identification of Idiomatic Expressions in Context}},
  author = {Cook, Paul and Fazly, Afsaneh and Stevenson, Suzanne},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop on A Broader Perspective on Multiword Expressions},
  year = {2007},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/W07-1106/}
}
```

- [← previous Prepositional Phrase Attachment without Oracles](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/cl-2007-atterer-squibs-prepositional-phrase-attachment-without/)
- [next → Semantic Class Induction and Coreference Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/ng-2007-semantic-class-induction-coreference-resolution/)
- [↑ back to papers of 2007](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/2007/)

## References

21 references, 5 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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