---
title: "Primary and secondary discourse connectives — Danlos 2018"
description: "The paper addresses a gap in describing discourse connectives."
authors: ["Laurence Danlos", "Katerina Rysova", "Magdalena Rysova", "Manfred Stede"]
year: 2018
venue: "Dialogue & Discourse"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2018.dnd-9.6/"
doi: "10.5087/dad.2018.102"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/danlos-2018-primary-secondary-discourse-connectives-definitions/"
---
[Elamur Research](https://md.research.elamur.ai/) · [this page in HTML](https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/danlos-2018-primary-secondary-discourse-connectives-definitions/)

[home](https://md.research.elamur.ai/) / [papers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/) / [2018](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/2018/page/3/) / Primary and secondary discourse connectives: definitions and lexicons

# Primary and secondary discourse connectives: definitions and lexicons

**Authors:** [Laurence Danlos](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/laurence-danlos/), [Katerina Rysova](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/katerina-rysova/), [Magdalena Rysova](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/magdalena-rysova/), [Manfred Stede](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/manfred-stede/) · **Year:** 2018 · **Venue:** Dialogue & Discourse · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2018.dnd-9.6/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2018.dnd-9.6.pdf) · [DOI 10.5087/dad.2018.102](https://doi.org/10.5087/dad.2018.102) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2810725560)

**Citations:** 20 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [9](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The paper addresses a gap in describing discourse connectives. These expressions signal coherence relations such as cause or contrast between text segments. Because they are syntactically mixed, standard grammars and dictionaries handle them poorly. The authors place connectives within the wider family of discourse relational devices (DRDs), which come from the TextLink COST action. They separate connectives, which link two abstract objects, from one-place spoken discourse markers. Connectives are then split into three groups. Primary connectives are grammaticalized items such as *therefore*. Secondary connectives are compositional, modifiable phrases such as *this caused*. Free connecting phrases are open word combinations. Using data from Czech, English, French and German, the authors define the first two groups precisely. They also give guidelines for building lexicons for them, drawing on DiMLex, LexConn and CzeDLex. Their central claim is that lexicons readable by both humans and machines can largely capture how these groups behave. Such lexicons support language learning, cross-lingual comparison and discourse parsing. Secondary connectives matter for parsing in particular: recognizing them lets parsers treat many apparently implicit relations as explicit ones, which are much easier to classify.

## Key points
- The primary/secondary distinction comes from Rysová and Rysová (2014). Primary connectives fall into a nearly closed set of categories: conjunctions, adpositions, adverbs and prepositional phrases. Secondary connectives are built around a lexical "core unit", for example a noun or verb such as *reason* or *cause*.
- The XML lexicon format for primary connectives started with DiMLex for German. It has since been reused for French (LexConn), Italian, English, Portuguese and other languages, and these resources are linked at www.connective-lex.info. Simpler variants, such as one for the Conano annotation tool, can be generated with XSLT scripts.
- A lexicon of secondary connectives exists only for Czech so far (CzeDLex, after Rysová 2015), so coverage cannot yet be assessed.
- The motivation for treating secondary connectives as explicit signals is a parsing gap: implicit relations score about 13 F1 points lower than explicit ones (Oepen et al., 2016). The authors also follow PDTB conventions, including Arg1/Arg2 and roughly 30 sense tags.
- Open problems include the semantics of connective modification (modal or evaluative modifiers) and whether connective senses form a closed list across languages.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Discourse analysis](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/discourse-analysis/)

## Cited by

Cited by

9 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 1 of them have a page here, 8 not yet.

- [Constructing a Lexicon of English Discourse Connectives](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/das-2018-constructing-lexicon-english-discourse-connectives/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{danlos2018primary,
  title = {{Primary and secondary discourse connectives: definitions and lexicons}},
  author = {Danlos, Laurence and Rysova, Katerina and Rysova, Magdalena and Stede, Manfred},
  booktitle = {Dialogue \& Discourse},
  year = {2018},
  doi = {10.5087/dad.2018.102},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5087/dad.2018.102}
}
```

- [← previous Predictive power of word surprisal for reading times is a linear function of language model quality](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/goodkind-2018-predictive-power-word-surprisal-reading/)
- [next → Prompsit's submission to WMT 2018 Parallel Corpus Filtering shared task](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/cartagena-2018-prompsit-s-submission-wmt-2018/)
- [↑ back to papers of 2018](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/2018/page/3/)

## References

40 references, 8 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

1. Nicholas Asher. Reference to Abstract Objects in Discourse. Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1993. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Nicholas+Asher%2E+Reference+to+Abstract+Objects+in+Discourse%2E+Kluwer%2C+Dordrecht%2C+1993%2E)
2. Nicholas Asher and Alex Lascarides. Logics of Conversation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Nicholas+Asher+and+Alex+Lascarides%2E+Logics+of+Conversation%2E+Cambridge+University+Press%2C+Cambridge%2C+2003%2E)
3. Peter Bourgonje, Yulia Grishina, and Manfred Stede. Toward a bilingual lexical database on connectives: Exploiting a German/Italian parallel corpus. In Proceedings of the Fourth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics (CLiC-IT 2017), Rome, 2017. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Peter+Bourgonje%2C+Yulia+Grishina%2C+and+Manfred+Stede%2E+Toward+a+bilingual+lexical+database+on+connectives%3A+Exploiting+a+German%2FItalian+parallel+corpus%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+Fourth+Italian+Conference+on+)
4. Chloé Braud and Pascal Denis. Learning connective-based word representations for implicit discourse relation identification. In Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP 2016), pages 203–213, Austin, Texas, 2016. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Chloe%CC%81+Braud+and+Pascal+Denis%2E+Learning+connective%2Dbased+word+representations+for+implicit+discourse+relation+identification%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+2016+Conference+on+Empirical+Methods+in+Natural+Lang) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/braud-2016-learning-connective-based-word-representations/)
5. Eva Breindl, Anna Volodina, and Ulrich Herrmann Waßner. Handbuch der deutschen Konnektoren 2. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York, 2015. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Eva+Breindl%2C+Anna+Volodina%2C+and+Ulrich+Herrmann+Wa%C3%9Fner%2E+Handbuch+der+deutschen+Konnektoren+2%2E+Walter+de+Gruyter%2C+Berlin%2FNew+York%2C+2015%2E)
6. Margot Colinet, Laurence Danlos, Mathilde Dargnat, and Grégoire Winterstein. Emplois de la préposition pour suivie d’une infinitive : description, critères formels et annotation en corpus. In F. Neveu, P. Blumenthal, L. Hriba, A. Gerstenberg, J. Meinschaefer, and S. Prévost, editors, 4ème Congr… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Margot+Colinet%2C+Laurence+Danlos%2C+Mathilde+Dargnat%2C+and+Gre%CC%81goire+Winterstein%2E+Emplois+de+la+pre%CC%81position+pour+suivie+d%E2%80%99une+infinitive+%3A+description%2C+crite%CC%80res+formels+et+annotation+en+corpus%2E+In+F%2E+Ne)
7. Laurence Danlos. Partition of an entity with aspectuo-temporal operators. In Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Generative Approaches to the Lexicon (GL’2005), Genève, Switzerland, 2005. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Laurence+Danlos%2E+Partition+of+an+entity+with+aspectuo%2Dtemporal+operators%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+Third+International+Workshop+on+Generative+Approaches+to+the+Lexicon+%28GL%E2%80%992005%29%2C+Gene%CC%80ve%2C+Switzerland%2C+20)
8. Laurence Danlos. Discourse verbs and discourse periphrastic links. In Proceedings of the second workshop on Constraints in Discourse (CID 2006), Maynooth, Ireland, 2006. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Laurence+Danlos%2E+Discourse+verbs+and+discourse+periphrastic+links%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+second+workshop+on+Constraints+in+Discourse+%28CID+2006%29%2C+Maynooth%2C+Ireland%2C+2006%2E)
9. Laurence Danlos, Margot Colinet, and Jacques Steinlin. FDTB1 : Repérage des connecteurs de discours dans un corpus français. Revue Discours, 15, 2015. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Laurence+Danlos%2C+Margot+Colinet%2C+and+Jacques+Steinlin%2E+FDTB1+%3A+Repe%CC%81rage+des+connecteurs+de+discours+dans+un+corpus+franc%CC%A7ais%2E+Revue+Discours%2C+15%2C+2015%2E)
10. Debopam Das, Tatjana Scheffler, Peter Bourgonje, and Manfred Stede. Constructing a lexicon of English discourse connectives. In Proceedings of the 19th Annual SIGdial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue (SIGDIAL 2018), Melbourne, Australia, 2018. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Debopam+Das%2C+Tatjana+Scheffler%2C+Peter+Bourgonje%2C+and+Manfred+Stede%2E+Constructing+a+lexicon+of+English+discourse+connectives%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+19th+Annual+SIGdial+Meeting+on+Discourse+and+Dialogue) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/das-2018-constructing-lexicon-english-discourse-connectives/)
11. Anna Feltracco, Elisabetta Jezek, Bernardo Magnini, and Manfred Stede. Lico: A lexicon of Italian connectives. In Proceedings of the Third Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics (CLiC-IT 2016), Napoli, Italy, 2016. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Anna+Feltracco%2C+Elisabetta+Jezek%2C+Bernardo+Magnini%2C+and+Manfred+Stede%2E+Lico%3A+A+lexicon+of+Italian+connectives%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+Third+Italian+Conference+on+Computational+Linguistics+%28CLiC%2DIT+2016)
12. Kerstin Fischer. From Cognitive Semantics to Lexical Pragmatics: The Functional Polysemy of Discourse Particles. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin/New York, 2000. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kerstin+Fischer%2E+From+Cognitive+Semantics+to+Lexical+Pragmatics%3A+The+Functional+Polysemy+of+Discourse+Particles%2E+Mouton+de+Gruyter%2C+Berlin%2FNew+York%2C+2000%2E)
13. Kerstin Fischer. Towards an understanding of the spectrum of approaches to discourse particles: introduction to the volume. Approaches to discourse particles, pages 1–20, 2006. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kerstin+Fischer%2E+Towards+an+understanding+of+the+spectrum+of+approaches+to+discourse+particles%3A+introduction+to+the+volume%2E+Approaches+to+discourse+particles%2C+pages+1%E2%80%9320%2C+2006%2E)
14. Kathy Forbes-Riley, Bonnie Webber, and Aravind Joshi. The predicate-argument semantics of discourse connectives in D-LTAG. Journal of Semantics 23(1), 2016. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kathy+Forbes%2DRiley%2C+Bonnie+Webber%2C+and+Aravind+Joshi%2E+The+predicate%2Dargument+semantics+of+discourse+connectives+in+D%2DLTAG%2E+Journal+of+Semantics+23%281%29%2C+2016%2E)
15. Michael Grabski. Connectives that manage perspectives in discourse: On the function of German ‘nämlich’, ‘schließlich’, and ‘also’. In Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Constraints in Discourse (CID 2008), Potsdam, Germany, 2008. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Michael+Grabski%2E+Connectives+that+manage+perspectives+in+discourse%3A+On+the+function+of+German+%E2%80%98na%CC%88mlich%E2%80%99%2C+%E2%80%98schlie%C3%9Flich%E2%80%99%2C+and+%E2%80%98also%E2%80%99%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+3rd+Workshop+on+Constraints+in+Discourse+%28CID)
16. Josef Hrbáček. Nárys textové syntaxe spisovné češtiny. Trizonia, Prague, Czechia, 1994. ISBN 80-85573-51-2. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Josef+Hrba%CC%81c%CC%8Cek%2E+Na%CC%81rys+textove%CC%81+syntaxe+spisovne%CC%81+c%CC%8Ces%CC%8Ctiny%2E+Trizonia%2C+Prague%2C+Czechia%2C+1994%2E+ISBN+80%2D85573%2D51%2D2%2E)
17. Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Rodney+Huddleston+and+Geoffrey+Pullum%2E+The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language%2E+Cambridge+University+Press%2C+Cambridge%2C+2002%2E) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/huddleston-2002-cambridge-grammar-english-language/)
18. Ziheng Lin, Hwee Tou Ng, and Min-Yen Kan. A PDTB-styled end-to-end discourse parser. Natural Language Engineering, 20:151–184, 2014. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ziheng+Lin%2C+Hwee+Tou+Ng%2C+and+Min%2DYen+Kan%2E+A+PDTB%2Dstyled+end%2Dto%2Dend+discourse+parser%2E+Natural+Language+Engineering%2C+20%3A151%E2%80%93184%2C+2014%2E)
19. William Mann and Sandra Thompson. Rhetorical structure theory: Towards a functional theory of text organization. TEXT, 8:243–281, 1988. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=William+Mann+and+Sandra+Thompson%2E+Rhetorical+structure+theory%3A+Towards+a+functional+theory+of+text+organization%2E+TEXT%2C+8%3A243%E2%80%93281%2C+1988%2E)
20. Amalia Mendes, Iria del Rio Gayo, Manfred Stede, and Felix Dombek. A lexicon of discourse markers for Portuguese. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018), Miyazaki, Japan, 2018. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Amalia+Mendes%2C+Iria+del+Rio+Gayo%2C+Manfred+Stede%2C+and+Felix+Dombek%2E+A+lexicon+of+discourse+markers+for+Portuguese%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+Tenth+International+Conference+on+Language+Resources+and+Evaluat)
21. Jiřı́ Mı́rovský, Pavlı́na Synková, Magdaléna Rysová, and Lucie Poláková. CzeDLex 0.5. Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, 2017. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jir%CC%8C%C4%B1%CC%81+M%C4%B1%CC%81rovsky%CC%81%2C+Pavl%C4%B1%CC%81na+Synkova%CC%81%2C+Magdale%CC%81na+Rysova%CC%81%2C+and+Lucie+Pola%CC%81kova%CC%81%2E+CzeDLex+0%2E5%2E+Charles+University%2C+Prague%2C+Czech+Republic%2C+2017%2E)
22. S. Oepen, J. Read, T. Scheffler, U. Sidarenka, M. Stede, E. Velldal, and L. vrelid. OPT: OsloPotsdamTeesside—Pipelining Rules, Rankers, and Classifier Ensembles for Shallow Discourse Parsing. In Proceedings of the CONLL 2016 Shared Task, Berlin, Germany, 2016. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=S%2E+Oepen%2C+J%2E+Read%2C+T%2E+Scheffler%2C+U%2E+Sidarenka%2C+M%2E+Stede%2C+E%2E+Velldal%2C+and+L%2E+vrelid%2E+OPT%3A+OsloPotsdamTeesside%E2%80%94Pipelining+Rules%2C+Rankers%2C+and+Classifier+Ensembles+for+Shallow+Discourse+Parsing%2E+In+Proce)
23. Renate Pasch, Ursula Brauße, Eva Breindl, and Ulrich Herrmann Waßner. Handbuch der deutschen Konnektoren. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York, 2003. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Renate+Pasch%2C+Ursula+Brau%C3%9Fe%2C+Eva+Breindl%2C+and+Ulrich+Herrmann+Wa%C3%9Fner%2E+Handbuch+der+deutschen+Konnektoren%2E+Walter+de+Gruyter%2C+Berlin%2FNew+York%2C+2003%2E)
24. PDTB Group. The Penn Discourse Treebank 2.0 annotation manual. Technical report, Institute for Research in Cognitive Science, University of Philadelphia, 2008. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=PDTB+Group%2E+The+Penn+Discourse+Treebank+2%2E0+annotation+manual%2E+Technical+report%2C+Institute+for+Research+in+Cognitive+Science%2C+University+of+Philadelphia%2C+2008%2E)
25. Rashmi Prasad, Nikhil Dinesh, Alan Leea, Eleni Miltsakaki, Livio Robaldo, Aravind Joshi, and Bonnie Webber. The Penn Discourse Treebank 2.0. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’08), Marrakech, Morocco, 2008. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Rashmi+Prasad%2C+Nikhil+Dinesh%2C+Alan+Leea%2C+Eleni+Miltsakaki%2C+Livio+Robaldo%2C+Aravind+Joshi%2C+and+Bonnie+Webber%2E+The+Penn+Discourse+Treebank+2%2E0%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+Sixth+International+Conference+on+Lan) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/disc-2008-prasad-penn-discourse-treebank-2-0/)
26. Rashmi Prasad, Aravind Joshi, and Bonnie Webber. Realization of discourse relations by other means: Alternative lexicalizations. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 2010): Poster Volume, Beijing, China, 2010. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Rashmi+Prasad%2C+Aravind+Joshi%2C+and+Bonnie+Webber%2E+Realization+of+discourse+relations+by+other+means%3A+Alternative+lexicalizations%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+23rd+International+Conference+on+Computational+Li) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/prasad-2010-realization-discourse-relations-other-means/)
27. Charlotte Roze, Laurence Danlos, and Philippe Muller. LexConn: a French Lexicon of Discourse connectives. Revue Discours, 10, 2012. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Charlotte+Roze%2C+Laurence+Danlos%2C+and+Philippe+Muller%2E+LexConn%3A+a+French+Lexicon+of+Discourse+connectives%2E+Revue+Discours%2C+10%2C+2012%2E) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/roze-2012-lexconn-french-lexicon-discourse-connectives/)
28. Magdaléna Rysová. Diskurznı́ konektory v češtině (Od centra k periferii). [Discourse Connectives in Czech (From Centre to Periphery).] PhD Thesis. Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia, 2015. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Magdale%CC%81na+Rysova%CC%81%2E+Diskurzn%C4%B1%CC%81+konektory+v+c%CC%8Ces%CC%8Ctine%CC%8C+%28Od+centra+k+periferii%29%2E+%5BDiscourse+Connectives+in+Czech+%28From+Centre+to+Periphery%29%2E%5D+PhD+Thesis%2E+Charles+University+in+Prague%2C+Prague%2C+Czechia%2C+2)
29. Magdaléna Rysová and Kateřina Rysová. The centre and periphery of discourse connectives. In Wirote Aroonmanakun, Prachya Boonkwan, and Thepchai Supnithi, editors, Proceedings of the 28th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computing (PACLIC 2014), pages 452–459, Bangkok, Thailan… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Magdale%CC%81na+Rysova%CC%81+and+Kater%CC%8Cina+Rysova%CC%81%2E+The+centre+and+periphery+of+discourse+connectives%2E+In+Wirote+Aroonmanakun%2C+Prachya+Boonkwan%2C+and+Thepchai+Supnithi%2C+editors%2C+Proceedings+of+the+28th+Pacific+A) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/rysova-2014-centre-periphery-discourse-connectives/)
30. Magdaléna Rysová, Pavlı́na Synková, Jiřı́ Mı́rovský, Eva Hajičová, Anna Nedoluzhko, Radek Ocelák, Jiřı́ Pergler, Lucie Poláková, Veronika Pavlı́ková, Jana Zdeňková, and Šárka Zikánová. Prague Discourse Treebank 2.0. Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, 2016. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Magdale%CC%81na+Rysova%CC%81%2C+Pavl%C4%B1%CC%81na+Synkova%CC%81%2C+Jir%CC%8C%C4%B1%CC%81+M%C4%B1%CC%81rovsky%CC%81%2C+Eva+Hajic%CC%8Cova%CC%81%2C+Anna+Nedoluzhko%2C+Radek+Ocela%CC%81k%2C+Jir%CC%8C%C4%B1%CC%81+Pergler%2C+Lucie+Pola%CC%81kova%CC%81%2C+Veronika+Pavl%C4%B1%CC%81kova%CC%81%2C+Jana+Zden%CC%8Ckova%CC%81%2C+and+S%CC%8Ca%CC%81rka+Zika%CC%81nova)
31. Ted Sanders, Wilbert Spooren, and Leo Noordman. Toward a taxonomy of coherence relations. Discourse Processes, 15:1–35, 1992. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ted+Sanders%2C+Wilbert+Spooren%2C+and+Leo+Noordman%2E+Toward+a+taxonomy+of+coherence+relations%2E+Discourse+Processes%2C+15%3A1%E2%80%9335%2C+1992%2E)
32. Tatjana Scheffler and Manfred Stede. Adding semantic relations to a large-coverage connective lexicon of German. In Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2016), Portorož, Slovenia, 2016. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Tatjana+Scheffler+and+Manfred+Stede%2E+Adding+semantic+relations+to+a+large%2Dcoverage+connective+lexicon+of+German%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+Ninth+International+Conference+on+Language+Resources+and+Evaluati)
33. Manfred Stede. DiMLex: A lexical approach to discourse markers. In A. Lenci and V. Di Tomaso, editors, Exploring the Lexicon - Theory and Computation. Edizioni dell’Orso, Alessandria, 2002. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Manfred+Stede%2E+DiMLex%3A+A+lexical+approach+to+discourse+markers%2E+In+A%2E+Lenci+and+V%2E+Di+Tomaso%2C+editors%2C+Exploring+the+Lexicon+%2D+Theory+and+Computation%2E+Edizioni+dell%E2%80%99Orso%2C+Alessandria%2C+2002%2E)
34. Manfred Stede and Silvan Heintze. Machine-assisted rhetorical structure annotation. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 2004), pages 425– 431, Geneva, Switzerland, 2004. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Manfred+Stede+and+Silvan+Heintze%2E+Machine%2Dassisted+rhetorical+structure+annotation%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+20th+International+Conference+on+Computational+Linguistics+%28COLING+2004%29%2C+pages+425%E2%80%93+431%2C+Gene)
35. Manfred Stede and Kristin Irsig. Complex connectives in German: Complications for local coherence analysis. In Anton Benz, Manfred Stede, and Peter Kühnlein, editors, Constraints in Discourse 3 - Representing and Inferring Discourse Structure, pages 165–182. Benjamins, Amsterdam, 2012. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Manfred+Stede+and+Kristin+Irsig%2E+Complex+connectives+in+German%3A+Complications+for+local+coherence+analysis%2E+In+Anton+Benz%2C+Manfred+Stede%2C+and+Peter+Ku%CC%88hnlein%2C+editors%2C+Constraints+in+Discourse+3+%2D+Rep)
36. Miriam Urgelles-Coll. The syntax and semantics of discourse markers. Continuum Studies in Theoretical Linguistics. A&C Black, London, UK, 2010. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Miriam+Urgelles%2DColl%2E+The+syntax+and+semantics+of+discourse+markers%2E+Continuum+Studies+in+Theoretical+Linguistics%2E+A%26C+Black%2C+London%2C+UK%2C+2010%2E)
37. Bonnie Webber, Rashmi Prasad, Alan Lee, and Aravind Joshi. A discourse-annotated corpus of conjoined VPs. In Proceedings of the Tenth Linguistic Annotation Workshop (LAW-X 2016), Berlin, Germany, 2016. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Bonnie+Webber%2C+Rashmi+Prasad%2C+Alan+Lee%2C+and+Aravind+Joshi%2E+A+discourse%2Dannotated+corpus+of+conjoined+VPs%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+Tenth+Linguistic+Annotation+Workshop+%28LAW%2DX+2016%29%2C+Berlin%2C+Germany%2C+2016)
38. Deniz Zeyrek and Bonnie Webber. A discourse resource for Turkish: Annotating discourse connectives in the METU corpus. In Proceedings of the Third International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (IJCNLP 2008), Hyderabad, India, 2008. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Deniz+Zeyrek+and+Bonnie+Webber%2E+A+discourse+resource+for+Turkish%3A+Annotating+discourse+connectives+in+the+METU+corpus%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+Third+International+Joint+Conference+on+Natural+Language+Pr) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/zeyrek-2008-discourse-resource-turkish-annotating-discourse/)
39. Yuping Zhou and Nianwen Xue. PDTB-style discourse annotation of Chinese text. In Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (COLING 2012), pages 69–77. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2012. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Yuping+Zhou+and+Nianwen+Xue%2E+PDTB%2Dstyle+discourse+annotation+of+Chinese+text%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+50th+Annual+Meeting+of+the+Association+for+Computational+Linguistics+%28COLING+2012%29%2C+pages+69%E2%80%9377%2E+Ass)
40. Arnold M. Zwicky. Clitics and particles. Language, 61(2):283–305, 1985. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Arnold+M%2E+Zwicky%2E+Clitics+and+particles%2E+Language%2C+61%282%29%3A283%E2%80%93305%2C+1985%2E)