---
title: "Cross-Document Co-Reference Resolution using — Dutta 2015"
description: "The paper tackles cross-document co-reference resolution (CCR): grouping entity mentions from many documents into equivalence classes, one per real-world…"
authors: ["Sourav Dutta", "Gerhard Weikum"]
year: 2015
venue: "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/Q15-1002/"
doi: "10.1162/tacl_a_00119"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology, TACL)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/dutta-2015-cross-document-co-reference-resolution/"
---
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# Cross-Document Co-Reference Resolution using Sample-Based Clustering with Knowledge Enrichment

**Authors:** Sourav Dutta, Gerhard Weikum · **Year:** 2015 · **Venue:** Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology, TACL)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/Q15-1002/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/Q15-1002.pdf) · [DOI 10.1162/tacl\_a\_00119](https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00119) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W1737751673)

**Citations:** 34 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [8](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The paper tackles cross-document co-reference resolution (CCR): grouping entity mentions from many documents into equivalence classes, one per real-world entity. Unlike entity linking, CCR does not require entities to exist in a knowledge base. The authors propose CROCS, an unsupervised pipeline with four stages:

1. It runs Stanford's sieve-based intra-document CR to form local mention chains.
2. It enriches each chain with a "semantic summary" (semsum). The semsum combines context sentences with Freebase labels, drawn both for the chain itself and for co-occurring mentions of other entities, which helps disambiguate sparse names.
3. It computes similarities lazily, only for sampled mention groups.
4. It clusters through repeated top-down bisection. Each split uses sample-based spectral clustering or graph partitioning, and an information-theoretic criterion decides when splitting stops, so the number of entities need not be fixed in advance.

Experiments on three corpora report quality gains over the strongest earlier systems and much lower run-time. This lets CCR scale to large news collections where all-pairs similarity computation is impractical.

## Key points
- Evaluation covers the John Smith, WePS-2 and New York Times datasets, measured with B³ and φ3 metrics.
- On WePS-2, full spectral clustering inside CROCS reaches B³ F1 ≈ 86.9 in about 331 s. The sampled spectral variant reaches ≈ 83.9 in about 86 s.
- On John Smith, spectral clustering gives B³ F1 ≈ 79.9.
- On New York Times, plain k-means had covered only about 5% of mentions when stopped at 20 hours. Sampled spectral clustering reaches F1 ≈ 62.2 in about 19.6 hours.
- The preprocessing toolchain is Stanford CoreNLP, the Stanford NER Tagger and the Stanford multi-pass sieve CR. Freebase serves as the knowledge source.
- The authors name multiple KBs and streaming input (news, social media) as future directions.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Coreference resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/coreference-resolution/)

## Cited by

Cited by

8 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 1 of them have a page here, 7 not yet.

- [Revisiting Joint Modeling of Cross-document Entity and Event Coreference Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/barhom-2019-revisiting-joint-modeling-cross-document/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@article{dutta2015cross,
  title = {{Cross-Document Co-Reference Resolution using Sample-Based Clustering with Knowledge Enrichment}},
  author = {Dutta, Sourav and Weikum, Gerhard},
  journal = {Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2015},
  doi = {10.1162/tacl\_a\_00119},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00119}
}
```

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