---
title: "Experiments on bridging across languages and — Grishina 2016"
description: "Most coreference resources, such as OntoNotes, cover only identity links."
authors: ["Yulia Grishina"]
year: 2016
venue: "Proceedings of the Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond OntoNotes (CORBON 2016)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/W16-0702/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/w16-0702"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/grishina-2016-experiments-bridging-across-languages-genres/"
---
[Elamur Research](https://md.research.elamur.ai/) · [this page in HTML](https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/grishina-2016-experiments-bridging-across-languages-genres/)

[home](https://md.research.elamur.ai/) / [papers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/) / [2016](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/2016/page/2/) / Experiments on bridging across languages and genres

# Experiments on bridging across languages and genres

**Authors:** [Yulia Grishina](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/yulia-grishina/) · **Year:** 2016 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond OntoNotes (CORBON 2016) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/W16-0702/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/W16-0702.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/w16-0702](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w16-0702) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2513322173)

**Citations:** 10 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [9](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Most coreference resources, such as OntoNotes, cover only identity links. Bridging (indirect, inference-based links like part–whole) and near-identity have received less attention, and existing bridging schemes tend to be either too coarse or tied to one domain. Grishina proposes a bridging typology meant to work across languages and genres. Following Clark, only definite descriptions can be bridging anaphors.

Two annotators applied the scheme to the German part of the parallel coreference corpus of Grishina and Stede (2015). This corpus covers newswire, narratives and medicine leaflets, and its German side already had identity annotation. The annotators also added near-identity links using the Recasens et al. (2010) scheme. The German labels were then transferred by hand to the English and Russian sides.

Agreement was reliable both for choosing antecedents and for assigning relation types. The scheme carried over to all three languages, although the definiteness requirement caused problems: English NPs that were indefinite, and article-less Russian. Near-identity links were too rare to draw firm conclusions. The work lays groundwork for larger multilingual, multi-genre bridging resources.

## Key points
- **German data:** 598 sentences, 11,894 tokens, 1,395 referring expressions, 273 identity chains, 432 bridging pairs and 107 near-identity pairs.
- **Relation types:** physical part–whole, set-membership (split into set–subset and set–element), entity–attribute/function, event–attribute and location–attribute.
- **Most frequent type:** entity–attribute/function dominates in every language, at 62.04% in DE, 70.74% in EN and 72.87% in RU.
- **Annotation transfer:** the transfer produced 188 bridging anaphors each for English and Russian, about 44% of the German count. For Russian, unclear cases were settled by checking whether the NP could be replaced by a genitive NP.
- **Near-identity by genre:** medical leaflets were mostly spatio-temporal (71.43%). Narratives contained only metonymy, while in newswire meronymy was the most common type (76.32%).

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Coreference resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/coreference-resolution/)

## Cited by

Cited by

9 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 5 of them have a page here, 4 not yet.

- [Bridging Resolution: A Survey of the State of the Art](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/kobayashi-2020-bridging-resolution-survey-state-art/)
- [Subjectivity in the Annotation of Bridging Anaphora](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/levine-2025-subjectivity-annotation-bridging-anaphora/)
- [Bridging resolution: Task definition, corpus resources and rule-based experiments](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/roesiger-2018-bridging-resolution-task-definition-corpus/)
- [Rule- and Learning-based Methods for Bridging Resolution in the ARRAU Corpus](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/roesiger-2018-rule-learning-based-methods-bridging/)
- [BASHI: A Corpus of Wall Street Journal Articles Annotated with Bridging Links](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/rosiger-2018-bashi-corpus-wall-street-journal/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{grishina2016experiments,
  title = {{Experiments on bridging across languages and genres}},
  author = {Grishina, Yulia},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond OntoNotes (CORBON 2016)},
  year = {2016},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/w16-0702},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w16-0702}
}
```

- [← previous Event Detection and Co-reference with Minimal Supervision](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/peng-2016-event-detection-co-reference-minimal/)
- [next → Exploiting Arabic Diacritization for High Quality Automatic Annotation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/lingbulk-2016-habash-exploiting-arabic-diacritization-high-quality/)
- [↑ back to papers of 2016](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/2016/page/2/)

## References

13 references, 6 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

1. Stefan Baumann and Arndt Riester. 2012. Referential and lexical givenness: Semantic, prosodic and cognitive aspects. Prosody and meaning, 25:119–162. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Stefan+Baumann+and+Arndt+Riester%2E+2012%2E+Referential+and+lexical+givenness%3A+Semantic%2C+prosodic+and+cognitive+aspects%2E+Prosody+and+meaning%2C+25%3A119%E2%80%93162%2E)
2. Herbert H Clark. 1975. Bridging. In Proceedings of the 1975 workshop on Theoretical issues in natural language processing, pages 169–174. Association for Computational Linguistics. Claire Gardent, Hélène Manuélian, and Eric Kow. 2003. Which bridges for bridging definite descriptions. In Proceedin… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Herbert+H+Clark%2E+1975%2E+Bridging%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+1975+workshop+on+Theoretical+issues+in+natural+language+processing%2C+pages+169%E2%80%93174%2E+Association+for+Computational+Linguistics%2E+Claire+Gardent%2C+He%CC%81)
3. Yulia Grishina and Manfred Stede. 2015. Knowledge-lean projection of coreference chains across languages. In Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora, Beijing, China, page 14. Association for Computational Linguistics. Erhard W Hinrichs, Sandra Kübler, and Karin Naum… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Yulia+Grishina+and+Manfred+Stede%2E+2015%2E+Knowledge%2Dlean+projection+of+coreference+chains+across+languages%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+8th+Workshop+on+Building+and+Using+Comparable+Corpora%2C+Beijing%2C+China%2C+p) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/grishina-2015-knowledge-lean-projection-coreference-chains/)
4. Yufang Hou, Katja Markert, and Michael Strube. 2014. A rule-based system for unrestricted bridging resolution: Recognizing bridging anaphora and finding links to antecedents. In EMNLP, pages 2082–2093. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Yufang+Hou%2C+Katja+Markert%2C+and+Michael+Strube%2E+2014%2E+A+rule%2Dbased+system+for+unrestricted+bridging+resolution%3A+Recognizing+bridging+anaphora+and+finding+links+to+antecedents%2E+In+EMNLP%2C+pages+2082%E2%80%932093) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/hou-2014-rule-based-system-unrestricted-bridging/)
5. Eduard Hovy, Mitchell Marcus, Martha Palmer, Lance Ramshaw, and Ralph Weischedel. 2006. OntoNotes: the 90% solution. In Proceedings of the human language technology conference of the NAACL, Companion Volume: Short Papers, pages 57–60. Association for Computational Linguistics. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Eduard+Hovy%2C+Mitchell+Marcus%2C+Martha+Palmer%2C+Lance+Ramshaw%2C+and+Ralph+Weischedel%2E+2006%2E+OntoNotes%3A+the+90%25+solution%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+human+language+technology+conference+of+the+NAACL%2C+Companion+)
6. Katja Markert, Yufang Hou, and Michael Strube. 2012. Collective classification for fine-grained information status. In Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Long Papers-Volume 1, pages 795–804. Association for Computational Linguistics. Anna Nedoluz… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Katja+Markert%2C+Yufang+Hou%2C+and+Michael+Strube%2E+2012%2E+Collective+classification+for+fine%2Dgrained+information+status%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+50th+Annual+Meeting+of+the+Association+for+Computational+Lingu) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/markert-2012-collective-classification-fine-grained-information/)
7. Malvina Nissim, Shipra Dingare, Jean Carletta, and Mark Steedman. 2004. An annotation scheme for information status in dialogue. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC). [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Malvina+Nissim%2C+Shipra+Dingare%2C+Jean+Carletta%2C+and+Mark+Steedman%2E+2004%2E+An+annotation+scheme+for+information+status+in+dialogue%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+International+Conference+on+Language+Resources+an)
8. Maciej Ogrodniczuk, Mateusz Kopec, and Agata Savary. 2014. Polish coreference corpus in numbers. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pages 3234–3238. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Maciej+Ogrodniczuk%2C+Mateusz+Kopec%2C+and+Agata+Savary%2E+2014%2E+Polish+coreference+corpus+in+numbers%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+International+Conference+on+Language+Resources+and+Evaluation+%28LREC%29%2C+pages+3234%E2%80%93)
9. Massimo Poesio and Ron Artstein. 2008. Anaphoric annotation in the ARRAU corpus. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC). [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Massimo+Poesio+and+Ron+Artstein%2E+2008%2E+Anaphoric+annotation+in+the+ARRAU+corpus%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+International+Conference+on+Language+Resources+and+Evaluation+%28LREC%29%2E) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/poesio-2008-anaphoric-annotation-arrau-corpus/)
10. Massimo Poesio and Renata Vieira. 1998. A corpus-based investigation of definite description use. Computational linguistics, 24(2):183–216. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Massimo+Poesio+and+Renata+Vieira%2E+1998%2E+A+corpus%2Dbased+investigation+of+definite+description+use%2E+Computational+linguistics%2C+24%282%29%3A183%E2%80%93216%2E)
11. Massimo Poesio, Rahul Mehta, Axel Maroudas, and Janet Hitzeman. 2004. Learning to resolve bridging references. In Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics, page 143. Association for Computational Linguistics. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Massimo+Poesio%2C+Rahul+Mehta%2C+Axel+Maroudas%2C+and+Janet+Hitzeman%2E+2004%2E+Learning+to+resolve+bridging+references%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+42nd+Annual+Meeting+on+Association+for+Computational+Linguistics%2C+p) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/poesio-2004-learning-resolve-bridging-references/)
12. Massimo Poesio. 2004. The MATE/GNOME proposals for anaphoric annotation, revisited. In Proceedings of the 5th SIGdial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue, pages 154–162. Marta Recasens, Eduard H Hovy, and Maria Antònia Martı́. 2010. A typology of near-identity relations for coreference (NIDENT). In… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Massimo+Poesio%2E+2004%2E+The+MATE%2FGNOME+proposals+for+anaphoric+annotation%2C+revisited%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+5th+SIGdial+Workshop+on+Discourse+and+Dialogue%2C+pages+154%E2%80%93162%2E+Marta+Recasens%2C+Eduard+H+Hovy%2C+) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/poesio-2004-mate-gnome-proposals-anaphoric-annotation/)
13. Arndt Riester, David Lorenz, and Nina Seemann. 2010. A recursive annotation scheme for referential information status. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC). Julia Ritz, Stefanie Dipper, and Michael Götze. 2008. Annotation of information structur… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Arndt+Riester%2C+David+Lorenz%2C+and+Nina+Seemann%2E+2010%2E+A+recursive+annotation+scheme+for+referential+information+status%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+International+Conference+on+Language+Resources+and+Evaluati)