---
title: "Bridging Background Knowledge Gaps in Translation — Han 2023"
description: "Translations that are accurate word for word can still leave readers confused when the source text assumes cultural knowledge they don't have."
authors: ["HyoJung Han", "Jordan Boyd-Graber", "Marine Carpuat"]
year: 2023
venue: "Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2023.emnlp-main.603/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.603"
arxiv: "2312.01308"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/han-2023-bridging-background-knowledge-gaps-translation/"
---
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# Bridging Background Knowledge Gaps in Translation with Automatic Explicitation

**Authors:** HyoJung Han, [Jordan Boyd-Graber](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/jordan-boyd-graber/), [Marine Carpuat](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/marine-carpuat/) · **Year:** 2023 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2023.emnlp-main.603/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2023.emnlp-main.603.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.603](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.603) · [arXiv 2312.01308](https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.01308) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4389524283)

**Citations:** 3 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · 10 in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary

Translations that are accurate word for word can still leave readers confused when the source text assumes cultural knowledge they don't have. Human translators handle this with *pragmatic explicitation*: they add short clarifications, such as describing Dominique de Villepin as a former French Prime Minister. NLP has done little with this technique because labeled data and suitable evaluation methods are scarce.

The authors build WikiExpl, a corpus of naturally occurring explicitations. They mine noisy Wikipedia bitext (WikiMatrix) for unaligned target-side segments located next to named entities. They then use Wikidata properties to estimate whether each entity is closely tied to the source culture. Human translators annotate the resulting candidates.

Using what they learn from this data, the authors build a system that decides when an entity needs explanation and generates a brief description from Wikidata and the Wikipedia API. To evaluate usefulness, they check whether the added explanations help a multilingual question answering system. The generated explicitations do improve QA accuracy, which suggests that translation could serve cross-cultural users better by going beyond literal equivalence.

## Key points

- **Resource:** WikiExpl is built from WikiMatrix bitext with human-annotated explicitations. Examples cover French-English, and Polish entities are also mentioned. The dataset is released at github.com/h-j-han/automatic_explicitation.
- **Rarity:** Explicitation is very rare in MT training data, appearing in only about 0.3% of the corpus. Even so, the collected examples were enough to develop a working system.
- **Detection rests on three assumptions:** explicitations appear in unaligned spans, they occur near named entities, and they are more likely for culturally distant entities. Distance is measured through shifts in Wikidata properties across languages.
- **Evaluation:** Usefulness is measured extrinsically through multilingual QA, and a short added phrase is often enough. The provided excerpt omits the exact accuracy figures.
- **Limitations:**
  - Experiments cover only translation into English.
  - The method handles only named entities, so it misses cases like the year 1800.
  - Generation can be overly verbose (e.g., "Augustów, Sejny, Poland") or rely on terms that themselves need explaining (e.g., Zola and the Dreyfus affair for "J'accuse...!").
  - Annotators were paid USD 0.25 per example.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Named entity recognition](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/named-entity-recognition/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{han2023bridging,
  title = {{Bridging Background Knowledge Gaps in Translation with Automatic Explicitation}},
  author = {Han, HyoJung and Boyd-Graber, Jordan and Carpuat, Marine},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.603},
  eprint = {2312.01308},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.603}
}
```

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55. Algorithm 1: Detecting explicitation span in bitext Input: Sentence pair (X src , X tgt ), E = {e\|named entity e in X} Output: Candidate C with unaligned segment u and its related entity e 1 U = unaligned_segments tgt (X src , X tgt ) 2 R = {(e, u)\|is_near_and_related(e, u), e ∈ E, u ∈ U } 3 C = {(e… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Algorithm+1%3A+Detecting+explicitation+span+in+bitext+Input%3A+Sentence+pair+%28X+src+%2C+X+tgt+%29%2C+E+%3D+%7Be%5C%7Cnamed+entity+e+in+X%7D+Output%3A+Candidate+C+with+unaligned+segment+u+and+its+related+entity+e+1+U+%3D+unal)