---
title: "A Deterministic Algorithm for Bridging Anaphora — Hou 2018"
description: "Bridging anaphora resolution links an anaphor to an antecedent through association rather than identity."
authors: ["Yufang Hou"]
year: 2018
venue: "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/D18-1219/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/d18-1219"
arxiv: "1811.05721"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/hou-2018-deterministic-algorithm-bridging-anaphora-resolution/"
---
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# A Deterministic Algorithm for Bridging Anaphora Resolution

**Authors:** [Yufang Hou](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/yufang-hou/) · **Year:** 2018 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/D18-1219/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/D18-1219.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/d18-1219](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d18-1219) · [arXiv 1811.05721](https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.05721) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2891688279)

**Citations:** 18 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [14](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Bridging anaphora resolution links an anaphor to an antecedent through association rather than identity. For example, "distribution arrangements" can be tied to earlier-mentioned "dialysis products." Earlier systems estimated relatedness from preposition-pattern co-occurrence counts over head nouns only, so they missed what modifiers contribute. Hou's embeddings PP captured noun association but covered only nouns.

This paper concatenates embeddings PP with standard 100-dimensional GloVe vectors. Words missing from either source are padded with a constant filler vector. The result is a broader 200-dimensional resource called embeddings bridging. On top of it, the author builds a training-free, deterministic resolver. It represents each NP by averaging the vectors of its head and selected modifiers, then picks the best-scoring candidate antecedent.

On ISNotes, this simple method comes close to the feature-heavy Markov Logic Network system of Hou et al. (2013b). Combining the two yields a new best accuracy. Modest results on BASHI and ARRAU, achieved with only small adaptations, suggest the resource generalizes. That matters because it lets bridging resolution be applied to new English corpora without supervised training.

## Key points
- **The resource:** embeddings bridging has 200 dimensions and 532,768 entries covering all word types, versus 276,326 nouns in embeddings PP. It is publicly released on Zenodo.
- **How embeddings PP was built:** it was trained on about 197 million noun pairs drawn from prepositional and possessive NP structures in parsed Gigaword. A "_PP" suffix on head nouns encodes the asymmetry between head and modifier.
- **ISNotes accuracy:**
  - Deterministic approach alone: 39.52%
  - MLN model II: 41.32%
  - MLN II + embeddings PP (Hou, 2018): 45.85%
  - MLN II + embeddings bridging: 46.46% (best)
- **Other corpora:**
  - BASHI: 27.43%, or 29.94% when comparative anaphors are excluded
  - ARRAU (RST) test set: 32.39%, compared with 39.8% for a modified rule-based system by Rösiger (2018b)
- **Stated limitation:** knowledge contained within the NP is sometimes insufficient. Future work aims to use context beyond the NP.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Coreference resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/coreference-resolution/)

## Cited by

Cited by

14 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 6 of them have a page here, 8 not yet.

- [ChEMU-Ref: A Corpus for Modeling Anaphora Resolution in the Chemical Domain](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/fang-2021-chemu-ref-corpus-modeling-anaphora/)
- [What does it take to bake a cake? The RecipeRef corpus and anaphora resolution in procedural text](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/fang-2022-what-does-it-take-bake/)
- [Bridging Anaphora Resolution as Question Answering](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/hou-2020-bridging-anaphora-resolution-as-question/)
- [Fine-grained Information Status Classification Using Discourse Context-Aware BERT](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/hou-2020-fine-grained-information-status-classification/)
- [Bridging Resolution: A Survey of the State of the Art](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/kobayashi-2020-bridging-resolution-survey-state-art/)
- [Multitask Learning-Based Neural Bridging Reference Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/yu-2020-multitask-learning-based-neural-bridging/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{hou2018deterministic,
  title = {{A Deterministic Algorithm for Bridging Anaphora Resolution}},
  author = {Hou, Yufang},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  year = {2018},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/d18-1219},
  eprint = {1811.05721},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d18-1219}
}
```

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