---
title: "ParCorFull: a Parallel Corpus — Lapshinova-Koltunski 2018"
description: "Machine translation and other multilingual NLP systems struggle to carry coreference correctly from one language into another."
authors: ["Ekaterina Lapshinova-Koltunski", "Christian Hardmeier", "Pauline Krielke"]
year: 2018
venue: "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/L18-1065/"
licence: "CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/koltunski-2018-parcorfull-parallel-corpus-annotated-full/"
---
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# ParCorFull: a Parallel Corpus Annotated with Full Coreference

**Authors:** [Ekaterina Lapshinova-Koltunski](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/ekaterina-lapshinova-koltunski/), [Christian Hardmeier](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/christian-hardmeier/), Pauline Krielke · **Year:** 2018 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/L18-1065/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/L18-1065.pdf)

**Citations:** [39](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Machine translation and other multilingual NLP systems struggle to carry coreference correctly from one language into another. Earlier work on this problem, including shared tasks, test suites and annotated data, has looked almost only at anaphoric pronouns. The authors argue that this focus is too narrow. Even closely related languages like English and German differ systematically in how they express reference, for example through gender-marked adjectives, nominal ellipsis, demonstratives, or pronominal adverbs such as German *dagegen*.

To support research beyond pronouns, they built ParCorFull, an English-German parallel corpus that extends ParCor with annotation of complete coreference chains. Their guidelines combine ideas from three earlier multilingual schemes. They cover:
- entity and event antecedents, including split and implicit ones;
- pronominal and nominal anaphors;
- type-reference phenomena such as substitution, ellipsis and comparative reference.

Previously available English-German resources were limited to source-side annotation, covered only pronouns, or were very small. The new corpus fills this gap for MT developers, cross-lingual coreference resolution, contrastive linguistics and translation studies.

## Key points
- **Availability:** ParCorFull is distributed through the LINDAT repository (http://hdl.handle.net/11372/LRT-2614). It covers English-German and builds on the ParCor corpus.
- **Annotation guidelines:** They draw on Kunz (2012, GECCo), Guillou et al. (2014, ParCor) and Grishina & Stede (2016).
- **Markables and anaphors:**
  - Markables include pronouns, nouns, NPs and elliptical constructions, plus VPs and clauses serving as event antecedents.
  - Anaphors include personal, demonstrative, relative and reflexive pronouns. Pronominal adverbs are treated as demonstratives.
  - Nominal anaphors include proper names, nominal premodifiers, definite NPs and quantified NPs.
  - Generic nouns may not corefer with other generic nouns.
- **Pronominal adverbs:** According to GECCo data, they make up about 8% of German referring expressions, yet most other schemes ignore them.
- **Earlier English-German resources and their limits:**
  - GECCo annotates source texts only and has partial access restrictions.
  - ParCor annotates only pairwise pronoun–antecedent links.
  - The Grishina & Stede corpus has full chains but only about 11,000 words per language.
  - Corpus size and agreement figures for ParCorFull were not included in the excerpt provided.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Coreference resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/coreference-resolution/)

## Cited by

Cited by

39 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 13 of them have a page here, 26 not yet.

- [Findings of the Second Shared Task on Multilingual Coreference Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/abokrtsky-2023-findings-second-shared-task-multilingual/)
- [Using Syntax to Resolve NPE in English](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/aclbulk-2019-khullar-syntax-resolve-npe-english/)
- [ACES: Translation Accuracy Challenge Sets for Evaluating Machine Translation Metrics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/amrhein-2022-aces-translation-accuracy-challenge-sets/)
- [Investigating Multilingual Coreference Resolution by Universal Annotations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/chai-2023-investigating-multilingual-coreference-resolution-universal/)
- [Do UD Trees Match Mention Spans in Coreference Annotations?](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/coref-2021-popel-do-ud-trees-match-mention/)
- [NoEl: An Annotated Corpus for Noun Ellipsis in English](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/gram-2020-khullar-noel-annotated-corpus-noun-ellipsis/)
- [NARC – Norwegian Anaphora Resolution Corpus](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/hlum-2022-narc-norwegian-anaphora-resolution-corpus/)
- [Anaphora With Non-nominal Antecedents in Computational Linguistics: a Survey](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/kolhatkar-2018-survey-anaphora-non-nominal-antecedents/)
- [Machine Translation Meta Evaluation through Translation Accuracy Challenge Sets](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/moghe-2025-machine-translation-meta-evaluation-through/)
- [Coreference meets Universal Dependencies – a pilot experiment on harmonizing coreference datasets for 11 languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/nedoluzhko-2021-coreference-meets-universal-dependencies/)
- [Findings of the Fourth Shared Task on Multilingual Coreference Resolution: Can LLMs Dethrone Traditional Approaches?](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/novak-2025-findings-fourth-shared-task-multilingual/)
- [Findings of the Fifth Shared Task on Multilingual Coreference Resolution: Expanding Datasets for Long-Range Entities](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/novak-2026-findings-fifth-shared-task-multilingual/)
- [Free the Plural: Unrestricted Split-Antecedent Anaphora Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/yu-2020-free-plural-unrestricted-split-antecedent/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{lapshinovakoltunski2018parcorfull,
  title = {{ParCorFull: a Parallel Corpus Annotated with Full Coreference}},
  author = {Lapshinova-Koltunski, Ekaterina and Hardmeier, Christian and Krielke, Pauline},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018)},
  year = {2018},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/L18-1065/}
}
```

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28. Lapshinova-Koltunski, E. and Kunz, K. (2014). Annotating cohesion for multillingual analysis. In Proceedings of the 10th Joint ACL - ISO Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation, pages 57–64, Reykjavik, Iceland. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Lapshinova%2DKoltunski%2C+E%2E+and+Kunz%2C+K%2E+%282014%29%2E+Annotating+cohesion+for+multillingual+analysis%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+10th+Joint+ACL+%2D+ISO+Workshop+on+Interoperable+Semantic+Annotation%2C+pages+57%E2%80%9364%2C+Rey)
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