---
title: "Are Large Language Models Robust Coreference — Le 2023"
description: "Most coreference systems for new domains or languages need annotated in-domain data, which is expensive to collect."
authors: ["Nghia T. Le", "Alan Ritter"]
year: 2023
venue: "arXiv:2305.14489"
source: "https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.14489"
doi: "10.48550/arxiv.2305.14489"
arxiv: "2305.14489"
licence: "CC BY-SA 4.0 (arXiv)"
licence_url: "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/le-2023-large-language-models-robust-coreference/"
---
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# Are Large Language Models Robust Coreference Resolvers?

**Authors:** [Nghia T. Le](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/nghia-t-le/), [Alan Ritter](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/alan-ritter/) · **Year:** 2023 · **Venue:** arXiv:2305.14489 · **Licence:** [CC BY-SA 4.0 (arXiv)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.14489) · [PDF](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.14489) · [DOI 10.48550/arxiv.2305.14489](https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2305.14489) · [arXiv 2305.14489](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.14489) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4378469572)

**Citations:** 0 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [26](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Most coreference systems for new domains or languages need annotated in-domain data, which is expensive to collect. Earlier tests of LLM coreference used small sentence-level puzzles such as the Winograd Schema Challenge. Le and Ritter test instruction-tuned LMs on realistic document-level benchmarks, mainly CoNLL-2012/OntoNotes 5.0. They give the model a document with candidate mentions marked by special tokens. The model then writes a cluster ID next to each mention. These mentions are either gold or predicted by Stanford's rule-based dcoref. The authors compare Llama-2-Chat, CodeLlama, InstructGPT, ChatGPT and GPT-4 with supervised and unsupervised baselines.

GPT-4 and InstructGPT beat unsupervised systems, and the margin grows when gold mentions are given. However, they remain well below supervised models and depend heavily on mention detection quality. The LMs also transfer reasonably well across domains, languages and time periods. Even so, continued fine-tuning is better when a few annotated target documents exist. The work shows that prompting is a practical fallback for low-resource coreference settings.

## Key points
- **Prompt template:** In a pilot study, a QA-style prompt reached about 61 F1 versus dcoref's 72. The document-level marking template reached about 81, so it was used for all later experiments.
- **OntoNotes test set, CoNLL F1, predicted mentions:** GPT-4 scored 62.9 and InstructGPT 60.1. The baselines were weak-SpanBERT at 59.3 and dcoref at 58.6. The supervised systems were far ahead: coref-mt5 at 83.3 and SpanBERT+e2e at 79.6.
- **OntoNotes test set, gold mentions:** GPT-4 reached 88.4, InstructGPT 80.8, and dcoref 72.9.
- **Llama 2 models:** All of them trail dcoref. CodeLlama clearly beats Llama-2-Chat, and CodeLlama-7B is roughly on par with Llama-2-Chat-70B.
- **Main weakness:** Mention detection is the bottleneck. InstructGPT's mention detection F1 is 46.5 versus 76.6 for dcoref, and its recall on nominal phrases is especially poor (18.7 vs 52.7). Pronoun resolution is its strongest category.
- **Time robustness:** The authors built three silver-annotated test sets of 56 Wall Street Journal articles each: WSJ-1989, WSJ-2019 and WSJ-2023, labelled with SpanBERT. Prompted LMs varied less across periods than dcoref. Code and data are available at github.com/nle18/coref-llms.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Coreference resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/coreference-resolution/)

## Cited by

Cited by

26 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 7 of them have a page here, 19 not yet.

- [Do Lexical and Contextual Coreference Resolution Systems Degrade Differently under Mention Noise? An Empirical Study on Scientific Software Mentions](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/alkan-2026-do-lexical-contextual-coreference-resolution/)
- [Beyond Word Boundaries: A Hebrew Coreference Benchmark and an Evaluation Protocol for Morphologically Complex Text](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/coref-2026-greenfeld-beyond-word-boundaries-hebrew-coreference/)
- [Assessing the Capabilities of Large Language Models in Coreference: An Evaluation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/gan-2024-assessing-capabilities-large-language-models/)
- [Lions: 1 and Tigers: 2 and Bears: 3, Oh My! Literary Coreference Annotation with LLMs](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/hicke-2024-lions-1-tigers-2-bears/)
- [GUM-SAGE: A Novel Dataset and Approach for Graded Entity Salience Prediction](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/lin-2025-gum-sage-novel-dataset-approach/)
- [Major Entity Identification: A Generalizable Alternative to Coreference Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/manikantan-2024-major-entity-identification-generalizable-alternative/)
- [Findings of the Fourth Shared Task on Multilingual Coreference Resolution: Can LLMs Dethrone Traditional Approaches?](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/novak-2025-findings-fourth-shared-task-multilingual/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@misc{le2023are,
  title = {{Are Large Language Models Robust Coreference Resolvers?}},
  author = {Le, Nghia T. and Ritter, Alan},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2305.14489},
  eprint = {2305.14489},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2305.14489}
}
```

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37 references, 18 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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