---
title: "Variation Is the Norm — Lutgen 2026"
description: "NLP pipelines usually treat linguistic variation as noise and normalise it away, even though sociolinguistics regards variation as a core property of…"
authors: ["Anne-Marie Lutgen", "Alistair Plum", "Verena Blaschke", "Barbara Plank", "Christoph Purschke"]
year: 2026
venue: "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2026.lrec-1.886/"
doi: "10.63317/3v3vhacxgfex"
licence: "CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/lutgen-2026-variation-is-norm-embracing-sociolinguistics/"
---
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# Variation Is the Norm: Embracing Sociolinguistics in NLP

**Authors:** [Anne-Marie Lutgen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/anne-marie-lutgen/), [Alistair Plum](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/alistair-plum/), [Verena Blaschke](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/verena-blaschke/), [Barbara Plank](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/barbara-plank/), [Christoph Purschke](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/christoph-purschke/) · **Year:** 2026 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Fifteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2026.lrec-1.886/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2026.lrec-1.886.pdf) · [DOI 10.63317/3v3vhacxgfex](https://doi.org/10.63317/3v3vhacxgfex) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W7160190728)

**Citations:** 0 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14)

## Summary
NLP pipelines usually treat linguistic variation as noise and normalise it away, even though sociolinguistics regards variation as a core property of language and a carrier of social meaning. The authors propose a framework that links the two views. On the social side, nine sociolinguistic criteria (such as sociolinguistic setting, institutional support, structural independence and degree of codification) describe the status of a language or variety. On the technical side, five stages of language modelling are identified where variation matters. They apply the framework to Luxembourgish, a language with widespread orthographic variation. They fine-tune LuxemBERT and mBERT on Luxembourgish classification tasks. Training and test data are either normalised toward the standard or "destandardised", and a combined set merges both versions. Models perform much worse when testing or training involves heavily varied text. Fine-tuning on the combined data improves results. The study argues that current models lack robustness to real-world variation, and that sociolinguistic description helps locate where processing problems arise.

## Key points
- **Framework:** Nine sociolinguistic criteria are mapped onto five language-modelling steps affected by variation. Luxembourgish serves as the worked example: it was legally established in 1984, became the national language with the 2023 constitutional reform, and its official orthography is maintained by the ZLS.
- **Models:** LuxemBERT (Lothritz et al., 2022) and mBERT were fine-tuned under three data conditions: standard (std), non-standard (n-std) and combined (comb).
- **Tasks:** The paper reports 8 classification tasks. The appendix excerpt lists seven datasets:
  - intent classification
  - SIB-200 topic classification
  - Luxembourgish WNLI
  - POS
  - NER
  - sentiment classification on RTL comments
  - comment moderation on RTL comments
- **Topic classification:** The combined condition gives the highest weighted F1, up to about 82.7 with mBERT. Some non-combined setups drop to roughly 57.
- **WNLI:** Scores stay near chance (about 50–55 weighted F1) in all conditions, so this task says little about variation effects.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{lutgen2026variation,
  title = {{Variation Is the Norm: Embracing Sociolinguistics in NLP}},
  author = {Lutgen, Anne-Marie and Plum, Alistair and Blaschke, Verena and Plank, Barbara and Purschke, Christoph},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.63317/3v3vhacxgfex},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.63317/3v3vhacxgfex}
}
```

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