---
title: "Prune-and-Score — Ma 2014"
description: "Most incremental coreference systems rely on one learned scoring function to make every clustering decision."
authors: ["Chao Ma", "Janardhan Rao Doppa", "J. Walker Orr", "Prashanth Mannem", "Xiaoli Fern", "Tom Dietterich", "Prasad Tadepalli"]
year: 2014
venue: "Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/D14-1225/"
doi: "10.3115/v1/d14-1225"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/ma-2014-prune-score-learning-greedy-coreference/"
---
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# Prune-and-Score: Learning for Greedy Coreference Resolution

**Authors:** Chao Ma, Janardhan Rao Doppa, J. Walker Orr, Prashanth Mannem, Xiaoli Fern, Tom Dietterich, Prasad Tadepalli · **Year:** 2014 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/D14-1225/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/D14-1225.pdf) · [DOI 10.3115/v1/d14-1225](https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/d14-1225) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2115663220)

**Citations:** 23 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [12](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Most incremental coreference systems rely on one learned scoring function to make every clustering decision. The authors argue this makes learning very hard, because a single function cannot reliably separate the right choice from all the wrong ones. They propose Prune-and-Score, a greedy search method in which mentions are handled left to right. Each mention is either attached to an existing cluster or starts a new one. Every decision uses two learned components. A pruning function first keeps only the top b candidate actions, and a scoring function then picks the best of these survivors. The overall loss splits into a pruning part and a scoring part, so both functions can be trained as ranking problems with standard rank learners. The method was evaluated on OntoNotes 5.0, ACE2004 and MUC6. It consistently beat a scoring-only version of itself and was comparable to or better than strong published systems. The work matters because it shows that learned pruning constraints can make greedy structured prediction easier. The idea could carry over to other search-based NLP tasks.

## Key points
- The search space consists of partial clusterings. At each step, the possible actions are to place the next mention into an existing cluster or to open a NEW cluster. Setting b = ∞ reduces the method to the usual scoring-only incremental approach.
- On the OntoNotes 5.0 dev set with predicted mentions, the best setting was b = 5, with a CoNLL score of 62.64. The scoring-only setting (b = ∞) reached 59.63. All tested values from 2 to 20 outperformed b = ∞, so b needs little tuning.
- Test-set comparisons used gold mentions on OntoNotes 5.0, ACE2004 (Culotta split and Newswire) and MUC6. The baselines were HOTCoref, Berkeley (FINAL features), CPL3M, Stanford, Easy-first and Fernandes et al. (2012). Scores were computed with version 7 of the CoNLL scorer.
- Unlike latent-antecedent mention-pair models, the method uses cluster-level features explicitly. The authors present it as complementary to existing incremental systems, which could adopt the same pruning idea.
- The rank learners came from the RankLib library. Suggested future directions include Limited Discrepancy Search and applying the approach to dependency parsing and information extraction.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Coreference resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/coreference-resolution/)

## Cited by

Cited by

12 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 6 of them have a page here, 6 not yet.

- [Entity-Centric Coreference Resolution with Model Stacking](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/clark-2015-entity-centric-coreference-resolution-model/)
- [Deep Reinforcement Learning for Mention-Ranking Coreference Models](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/clark-2016-deep-reinforcement-learning-mention-ranking/)
- [Improving Coreference Resolution by Learning Entity-Level Distributed Representations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/clark-2016-improving-coreference-resolution-learning-entity/)
- [Neural Coreference Resolution with Limited Lexical Context and Explicit Mention Detection for Oral French](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/grobol-2019-neural-coreference-resolution-limited-lexical/)
- [Search Space Pruning: A Simple Solution for Better Coreference Resolvers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/moosavi-2016-search-space-pruning-simple-solution/)
- [Learning Anaphoricity and Antecedent Ranking Features for Coreference Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/wiseman-2015-learning-anaphoricity-antecedent-ranking-features/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{ma2014prune,
  title = {{Prune-and-Score: Learning for Greedy Coreference Resolution}},
  author = {Ma, Chao and Doppa, Janardhan Rao and Orr, J. Walker and Mannem, Prashanth and Fern, Xiaoli and Dietterich, Tom and Tadepalli, Prasad},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)},
  year = {2014},
  doi = {10.3115/v1/d14-1225},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/d14-1225}
}
```

- [← previous PropBank: Semantics of New Predicate Types](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/bonial-2014-propbank-semantics-new-predicate-types/)
- [next → Random Walks for Knowledge-Based Word Sense Disambiguation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/agirre-2014-random-walks-knowledge-based-word/)
- [↑ back to papers of 2014](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/2014/page/2/)

## References

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