---
title: "Unsupervised Ranking Model for Entity Coreference — Ma 2016"
description: "Entity coreference resolution groups the noun-phrase mentions in a text that point to the same real-world entity."
authors: ["Xuezhe Ma", "Zhengzhong Liu", "Eduard Hovy"]
year: 2016
venue: "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/N16-1116/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/n16-1116"
arxiv: "1603.04553"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/ma-2016-unsupervised-ranking-model-entity-coreference/"
---
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# Unsupervised Ranking Model for Entity Coreference Resolution

**Authors:** [Xuezhe Ma](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/xuezhe-ma/), [Zhengzhong Liu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/zhengzhong-liu/), [Eduard Hovy](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/eduard-hovy/) · **Year:** 2016 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/N16-1116/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/N16-1116.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/n16-1116](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n16-1116) · [arXiv 1603.04553](https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.04553) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2963254740)

**Citations:** 18 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [8](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary

Entity coreference resolution groups the noun-phrase mentions in a text that point to the same real-world entity. The strongest systems are supervised ranking models, but they depend on costly hand-annotated corpora that resource-poor languages rarely have. Earlier unsupervised methods trailed both supervised and rule-based systems.

The authors present the first unsupervised ranking model for this task. It is generative and, in the spirit of IBM Model 1, chooses the most probable antecedent for each mention independently. Each mention also receives a deterministic resolution mode: string-matching, precise-construct, or attribute-matching. These modes are borrowed from sieves in the Stanford multi-sieve system, and each one uses its own feature set. Parameters are learned with EM on unannotated Gigaword news text.

On the CoNLL-2012 English test data the model reaches 58.44% CoNLL F1. That is 3.01 points above the Stanford deterministic system, and it also beats the supervised IMS system. The result shows that annotation-free coreference can substantially narrow the gap to supervised accuracy.

## Key points

- **Training data:** the APW and NYT sections of the Gigaword Corpus (1994–2010), about 1.6B words in 3.6M documents. Duplicates and documents shorter than 3 sentences were removed. Development and test sets are the CoNLL-2012 English data drawn from OntoNotes, with automatically detected mentions and predicted parses.
- **Mode-dependent distance:** sentence distance is modelled only in attribute-matching mode, which covers cases such as pronouns. The other two modes treat antecedent position as uniform.
- **Learning:** EM ran for 10 iterations from uniform initialization, and the best development scores came around iteration 5. Each iteration took about 12 hours on 10 CPUs.
- **Gains over unsupervised and deterministic baselines (CoNLL F1, dev/test):**
  - Stanford: +2.93 / +3.01
  - Multigraph: +1.41 / +1.77
  - MIR: +2.62 / +3.02
  - The model leads all three on every metric reported: MUC, B³, CEAFm, CEAFe and BLANC.
- **Comparison with supervised systems:** the model beats IMS by 1.02 points (58.44 vs 57.42 on test). It still trails the best supervised systems, for example Non-Linear at 63.39.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Coreference resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/coreference-resolution/)

## Cited by

Cited by

8 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 1 of them have a page here, 7 not yet.

- [End-to-end Sequence Labeling via Bi-directional LSTM-CNNs-CRF](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/ma-2016-end-end-sequence-labeling-bi/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{ma2016unsupervised,
  title = {{Unsupervised Ranking Model for Entity Coreference Resolution}},
  author = {Ma, Xuezhe and Liu, Zhengzhong and Hovy, Eduard},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies},
  year = {2016},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/n16-1116},
  eprint = {1603.04553},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n16-1116}
}
```

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39. Appendix A. Derivation of Model Learning Formally, we iteratively estimate the model parameters θ, employing the following EM algorithm: E-step: Compute the posterior probabilities of C, P (C\|D; θ), based on the current θ. θ 0 M-step: Calculate the new the expected complete E P (C\|D;θ) [log P (D, C;… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Appendix+A%2E+Derivation+of+Model+Learning+Formally%2C+we+iteratively+estimate+the+model+parameters+%CE%B8%2C+employing+the+following+EM+algorithm%3A+E%2Dstep%3A+Compute+the+posterior+probabilities+of+C%2C+P+%28C%5C%7CD%3B+%CE%B8%29%2C+)