---
title: "Marrying Universal Dependencies and — McCarthy 2018"
description: "UD and UniMorph each define a cross-lingual scheme for morphosyntactic annotation."
authors: ["Arya D. McCarthy", "Miikka Silfverberg", "Ryan Cotterell", "Mans Hulden", "David Yarowsky"]
year: 2018
venue: "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies (UDW 2018)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/W18-6011/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/w18-6011"
arxiv: "1810.06743"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/mccarthy-2018-marrying-universal-dependencies-universal-morphology/"
---
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# Marrying Universal Dependencies and Universal Morphology

**Authors:** [Arya D. McCarthy](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/arya-d-mccarthy/), [Miikka Silfverberg](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/miikka-silfverberg/), [Ryan Cotterell](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/ryan-cotterell/), [Mans Hulden](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/mans-hulden/), [David Yarowsky](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/david-yarowsky/) · **Year:** 2018 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies (UDW 2018) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/W18-6011/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/W18-6011.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/w18-6011](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-6011) · [arXiv 1810.06743](https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.06743) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2895891096)

**Citations:** 14 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [34](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
UD and UniMorph each define a cross-lingual scheme for morphosyntactic annotation. UD annotates tokens in treebanks, while UniMorph lists inflected word types from Wiktionary paradigms. In theory the two could complement and check each other. In practice they diverge, because of differing design philosophies (UD is built bottom-up, UniMorph top-down), annotator choices, and conversion errors in individual datasets. The authors therefore treat the task as translating concrete resources, not just abstract schemata. They build a deterministic, rule-based converter from UD v2 features to UniMorph tags and add language-specific post-editing rules for the 31 languages covered by both projects. Checking the converted tags against UniMorph tables gives a macro-averaged recall of 64.13%, an improvement over a naive feature-to-feature mapping. Morphological tagging on UD sentences performs about the same with either tag set. The work matters because it links type- and token-level morphological data, and the interpretable rules expose errors and inconsistencies in both projects that maintainers can fix.

## Key points
- The released tool (github.com/unimorph/ud-compatibility) swaps the UD features in a CoNLL-U file for UniMorph MSDs. It needs no training and is fully deterministic.
- Converted tags were evaluated by lookup in UniMorph for 31 languages, reaching 64.13% macro-average recall. Some languages remain poor, such as Dutch, where UD annotations lack attributes that UniMorph records.
- The extrinsic tagging test covered eight languages: Bulgarian, Danish, Finnish, Latvian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish and Swedish. In none of them did the UniMorph-converted tags yield a lower F1 than the original UD tags. The largest gap was in Spanish (78.31 vs 96.44); most differences were small.
- Scheme sizes: UniMorph has at least 212 values over 23 attributes, while UD has POS plus 23 attributes and language-specific ones. UD v2.1 contains 102 treebanks in 60 languages.
- The paper also critically lists missing attributes and cross-lingual inconsistencies in both resources. Examples include the Spanish form "vas" wrongly tagged as feminine plural, and gender annotated for "refrescante" in Portuguese but not in Spanish.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Universal Dependencies](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/universal-dependencies/) · [Treebanks](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/treebanks/)

## Cited by

Cited by

34 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 4 of them have a page here, 30 not yet.

- [MorphyNet: a Large Multilingual Database of Derivational and Inflectional Morphology](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/lex-2021-batsuren-morphynet/)
- [UniMorph 4.0: Universal Morphology](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/lex-2022-batsuren-unimorph-4/)
- [UniMorph 3.0: Universal Morphology](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/mccarthy-2020-unimorph-3-0-universal-morphology/)
- [A Simple Joint Model for Improved Contextual Neural Lemmatization](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/ud-2019-malaviya-simple-joint-model-improved-contextual/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{mccarthy2018marrying,
  title = {{Marrying Universal Dependencies and Universal Morphology}},
  author = {McCarthy, Arya D. and Silfverberg, Miikka and Cotterell, Ryan and Hulden, Mans and Yarowsky, David},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies (UDW 2018)},
  year = {2018},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/w18-6011},
  eprint = {1810.06743},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-6011}
}
```

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35. Oscar Täckström, Dipanjan Das, Slav Petrov, Ryan Mc-Donald, and Joakim Nivre. 2013. Token and type Daniel Zeman. 2008. Reusable tagset conversion using tagset drivers. In LREC, volume 2008, pages 28–30. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Oscar+Ta%CC%88ckstro%CC%88m%2C+Dipanjan+Das%2C+Slav+Petrov%2C+Ryan+Mc%2DDonald%2C+and+Joakim+Nivre%2E+2013%2E+Token+and+type+Daniel+Zeman%2E+2008%2E+Reusable+tagset+conversion+using+tagset+drivers%2E+In+LREC%2C+volume+2008%2C+pages+28) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/zeman-2008-reusable-tagset-conversion-tagset-drivers/)
36. Daniel Zeman, Ondřej Dušek, David Mareček, Martin Popel, Loganathan Ramasamy, Jan Štěpánek, Zdeněk Žabokrtskỳ, and Jan Hajič. 2014. Hamledt: Harmonized multi-language dependency treebank. Language Resources and Evaluation, 48(4):601– 637. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Daniel+Zeman%2C+Ondr%CC%8Cej+Dus%CC%8Cek%2C+David+Marec%CC%8Cek%2C+Martin+Popel%2C+Loganathan+Ramasamy%2C+Jan+S%CC%8Cte%CC%8Cpa%CC%81nek%2C+Zdene%CC%8Ck+Z%CC%8Cabokrtsky%CC%80%2C+and+Jan+Hajic%CC%8C%2E+2014%2E+Hamledt%3A+Harmonized+multi%2Dlanguage+dependency+treebank%2E+La)
37. Daniel Zeman, Martin Popel, Milan Straka, Jan Hajic, Joakim Nivre, Filip Ginter, Juhani Luotolahti, Sampo Pyysalo, Slav Petrov, Martin Potthast, et al. 2017. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Daniel+Zeman%2C+Martin+Popel%2C+Milan+Straka%2C+Jan+Hajic%2C+Joakim+Nivre%2C+Filip+Ginter%2C+Juhani+Luotolahti%2C+Sampo+Pyysalo%2C+Slav+Petrov%2C+Martin+Potthast%2C+et+al%2E+2017%2E)
38. CoNLL 2017 shared task: multilingual parsing from raw text to universal dependencies. Proceedings of the CoNLL 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies, pages 1–19. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=CoNLL+2017+shared+task%3A+multilingual+parsing+from+raw+text+to+universal+dependencies%2E+Proceedings+of+the+CoNLL+2017+Shared+Task%3A+Multilingual+Parsing+from+Raw+Text+to+Universal+Dependencies%2C+pages+1%E2%80%931) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/ud-2017-zeman-conll-2017-shared-task-multilingual/)