---
title: "Generating Anaphoric Expressions — McCoy 1999"
description: "The paper addresses a practical question in natural language generation: when a system refers back to an entity, should it produce a pronoun or a fuller…"
authors: ["Kathleen E. McCoy", "Michael Strube"]
year: 1999
venue: "The Relation of Discourse/Dialogue Structure and Reference"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/W99-0108/"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/mccoy-1999-generating-anaphoric-expressions-pronoun-or/"
---
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# Generating Anaphoric Expressions: Pronoun or Definite Description?

**Authors:** Kathleen E. McCoy, [Michael Strube](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/michael-strube/) · **Year:** 1999 · **Venue:** The Relation of Discourse/Dialogue Structure and Reference · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/W99-0108/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/W99-0108.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W196410832)

**Citations:** 36 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [24](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The paper addresses a practical question in natural language generation: when a system refers back to an entity, should it produce a pronoun or a fuller definite description (a definite noun phrase or a name)? Earlier generation work relied mainly on referent accessibility or focus, typically using a pronoun when the same entity stays central. The authors show that this does not match real usage. They analysed New York Times news articles and proposed rules covering several factors: whether the mention falls in the same sentence, how far back the previous mention is, discourse structure, and ambiguity. For discourse structure they introduce "discourse threads". In news text, threads are defined by the time a clause refers to. A change of time favours a definite description even when a pronoun would be unambiguous. The resulting algorithm matched the writers' choices in about 85% of cases. This matters because threads can be derived from input that any sentence generator already has, unlike vaguely defined discourse segments.

## Key points
- **Data:** New York Times news articles. The authors note that their long, complex sentences differ from those in earlier pronoun-generating systems.
- **Factors proposed:**
  - Pronouns are preferred for repeat mentions within one sentence.
  - Definite descriptions are preferred when the last mention is several sentences back.
  - Pronouns are preferred if the entity's last mention occurred within the current thread.
  - A pronoun should only be used if it can be resolved correctly.
- **Time analysis:** The analysis distinguishes four types of time, cued by temporal adverbials and tense changes.
- **Prior approaches judged insufficient:** focus-based rules, Dale (1992), centering Rule 1 and transition preferences, and Passonneau (1996). Passonneau's approach needs externally supplied segment boundaries.
- **Limitations and future work:** The time-change rule produces too many definite descriptions. Following Vonk et al. (1992), the authors plan to check whether other boundary markers, such as preposed adverbials, explain this. They also plan reading-time or comprehension experiments as an alternative to evaluating by matching human-written text.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Discourse analysis](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/discourse-analysis/) · [Coreference resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/coreference-resolution/)

## Cited by

Cited by

24 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 1 of them have a page here, 23 not yet.

- [Comparing Knowledge Sources for Nominal Anaphora Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/markert-2005-comparing-knowledge-sources-nominal-anaphora/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{mccoy1999generating,
  title = {{Generating Anaphoric Expressions: Pronoun or Definite Description?}},
  author = {McCoy, Kathleen E. and Strube, Michael},
  booktitle = {The Relation of Discourse/Dialogue Structure and Reference},
  year = {1999},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/W99-0108/}
}
```

- [← previous Functional Centering – Grounding Referential Coherence on Information Structure](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/strube-1999-functional-centering-grounding-referential-coherence/)
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## References

28 references, 3 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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