---
title: "Headlines You Won't Forget — Meyer 2026"
description: "The paper asks whether a small, targeted linguistic change, addressing readers directly with first- or second-person pronouns, makes news headlines…"
authors: ["Selina Meyer", "Magdalena Abel", "Michael Roth"]
year: 2026
venue: "Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2026.cmcl-1.14/"
doi: "10.63317/4idzgbfzipko"
licence: "CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/meyer-2026-headlines-you-won-t-forget/"
---
[Elamur Research](https://md.research.elamur.ai/) · [this page in HTML](https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/meyer-2026-headlines-you-won-t-forget/)

[home](https://md.research.elamur.ai/) / [papers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/) / [2026](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/2026/page/3/) / Headlines You Won't Forget: Can Pronoun Insertion Increase Memorability?

# Headlines You Won't Forget: Can Pronoun Insertion Increase Memorability?

**Authors:** Selina Meyer, Magdalena Abel, [Michael Roth](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/michael-roth/) · **Year:** 2026 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2026.cmcl-1.14/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2026.cmcl-1.14.pdf) · [DOI 10.63317/4idzgbfzipko](https://doi.org/10.63317/4idzgbfzipko) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W7166578031)

**Citations:** 0 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14)

## Summary
The paper asks whether a small, targeted linguistic change, addressing readers directly with first- or second-person pronouns, makes news headlines easier to remember. It also asks whether LLMs can make this edit reliably without changing the headline's meaning. The authors started from an analysis of Peña et al.'s data and a pilot study, both pointing to pronouns as a memorability cue. They then had eight LLMs and human writers insert pronouns into real headlines. Using a protocol from cognitive psychology, they ran three between-subject memory experiments covering free recall, recognition and perceived truthfulness. The effect of pronouns on memory turned out to be mixed. It appeared to depend on the headline's topic, on how naturally the pronoun was worked in, and on its surrounding words, though the authors say more data is needed to confirm these factors. Crowd raters often judged LLM rewrites as inaccurate, emotionally shifted or stylistically odd. The work matters because it shifts news-NLP attention from engagement toward retention, and the authors release the collected data.

## Key points
- Three studies with 240 participants in groups of 30 produced 7,680 memory judgments. Each session had five phases: 10-second headline exposure, a 60-second distractor task, at least 5 minutes of free recall, old/new recognition, and a 7-point truth rating.
- Study I used 32 headlines from 32 outlets, spread across entertainment, politics, environment and health. LLM revisions were kept only if at least 62.5% of the 8 annotators accepted them. Study II mixed LLM revisions with revisions written by Prolific workers. Study III used 32 politics headlines, all revised by a single person, with four counterbalanced groups to test false recognition.
- The models included gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18, gpt-4o-2024-08-06, Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct, Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3, Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct-v0.1 and Qwen3-32B, among the eight LLMs used.
- To rate the LLM revisions, the authors used criteria modified from Lommel et al.'s (2013) MQM (multidimensional quality metrics) scheme. The criteria covered accuracy (misrepresentation, addition, omission), style (grammar, awkward or inconsistent style) and changes in tone.
- In one example, an LLM rewrite of an extreme-rain headline raised recognition from 73.34% to 86.67% and recall from 26.67% to 46.67%.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{meyer2026headlines,
  title = {{Headlines You Won't Forget: Can Pronoun Insertion Increase Memorability?}},
  author = {Meyer, Selina and Abel, Magdalena and Roth, Michael},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.63317/4idzgbfzipko},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.63317/4idzgbfzipko}
}
```

- [← previous HCMUS_The Fangs at AbjadStyleTransfer Shared Task: Learning to Query Style, Contrastive Representations for Zero-Shot Arabic Authorship Style Transfer](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/sy-2026-hcmus-fangs-abjadstyletransfer-shared-task/)
- [next → HEBATRON: A Hebrew-Specialized Open-Weight Mixture-of-Experts Language Model](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/langstream-2026-kayzer-hebatron-hebrew-specialized-open-weight/)
- [↑ back to papers of 2026](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/2026/page/3/)

## References

37 references, 4 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

1. Magdalena Abel and Karl-Heinz T Bäuml. 2023. Item-method directed forgetting and perceived truth of news headlines. Memory, 31(10):1371– 1386. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Magdalena+Abel+and+Karl%2DHeinz+T+B%C3%A4uml%2E+2023%2E+Item%2Dmethod+directed+forgetting+and+perceived+truth+of+news+headlines%2E+Memory%2C+31%2810%29%3A1371%E2%80%93+1386%2E)
2. Josh Achiam, Steven Adler, Sandhini Agarwal, Lama Ahmad, Ilge Akkaya, Florencia Leoni Aleman, Diogo Almeida, Janko Altenschmidt, Sam Altman, Shyamal Anadkat, et al. 2023. Gpt-4 technical report. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.08774. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Josh+Achiam%2C+Steven+Adler%2C+Sandhini+Agarwal%2C+Lama+Ahmad%2C+Ilge+Akkaya%2C+Florencia+Leoni+Aleman%2C+Diogo+Almeida%2C+Janko+Altenschmidt%2C+Sam+Altman%2C+Shyamal+Anadkat%2C+et+al%2E+2023%2E+Gpt%2D4+technical+report%2E+arXiv) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/openai-2023-gpt-4-technical-report/)
3. Xiang Ao, Xiting Wang, Ling Luo, Ying Qiao, Qing He, and Xing Xie. 2021. PENS: A dataset and generic framework for personalized news headline generation. In Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Xiang+Ao%2C+Xiting+Wang%2C+Ling+Luo%2C+Ying+Qiao%2C+Qing+He%2C+and+Xing+Xie%2E+2021%2E+PENS%3A+A+dataset+and+generic+framework+for+personalized+news+headline+generation%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+59th+Annual+Meeting+of+t)
4. Amirsiavosh Bashardoust, Stefan Feuerriegel, and Yash Raj Shrestha. 2024. Comparing the willingness to share for human-generated vs. ai-generated fake news. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact., 8(CSCW2). [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Amirsiavosh+Bashardoust%2C+Stefan+Feuerriegel%2C+and+Yash+Raj+Shrestha%2E+2024%2E+Comparing+the+willingness+to+share+for+human%2Dgenerated+vs%2E+ai%2Dgenerated+fake+news%2E+Proc%2E+ACM+Hum%2E%2DComput%2E+Interact%2E%2C+8%28CSCW2%29%2E)
5. Tad T Brunyé, Tali Ditman, Caroline R Mahoney, and Holly A Taylor. 2011. Better you than i: Perspectives and emotion simulation during narrative comprehension. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 23(5):659–666. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Tad+T+Bruny%C3%A9%2C+Tali+Ditman%2C+Caroline+R+Mahoney%2C+and+Holly+A+Taylor%2E+2011%2E+Better+you+than+i%3A+Perspectives+and+emotion+simulation+during+narrative+comprehension%2E+Journal+of+Cognitive+Psychology%2C+23%285%29%3A6)
6. Chih Yao Chen, Dennis Wu, and Lun-Wei Ku. 2023. HonestBait: Forward references for attractive but faithful headline generation. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023, pages 4810–4824, Toronto, Canada. Association for Computational Linguistics. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Chih+Yao+Chen%2C+Dennis+Wu%2C+and+Lun%2DWei+Ku%2E+2023%2E+HonestBait%3A+Forward+references+for+attractive+but+faithful+headline+generation%2E+In+Findings+of+the+Association+for+Computational+Linguistics%3A+ACL+2023%2C+)
7. Thomas Hikaru Clark, Greta Tuckute, Bryan Medina, and Evelina Fedorenko. 2026. A distinctive meaning makes a sentence memorable. Journal of Memory and Language, 146:104700. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Thomas+Hikaru+Clark%2C+Greta+Tuckute%2C+Bryan+Medina%2C+and+Evelina+Fedorenko%2E+2026%2E+A+distinctive+meaning+makes+a+sentence+memorable%2E+Journal+of+Memory+and+Language%2C+146%3A104700%2E)
8. Ryan E. Cruz, James M. Leonhardt, and Todd Pez-zuti. 2017. Second person pronouns enhance consumer involvement and brand attitude. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 39(1):104–116. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ryan+E%2E+Cruz%2C+James+M%2E+Leonhardt%2C+and+Todd+Pez%2Dzuti%2E+2017%2E+Second+person+pronouns+enhance+consumer+involvement+and+brand+attitude%2E+Journal+of+Interactive+Marketing%2C+39%281%29%3A104%E2%80%93116%2E)
9. Heidar Davoudi, Aijun An, and Gordon Edall. 2019. Content-based dwell time engagement prediction model for news articles. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers), pag… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Heidar+Davoudi%2C+Aijun+An%2C+and+Gordon+Edall%2E+2019%2E+Content%2Dbased+dwell+time+engagement+prediction+model+for+news+articles%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+2019+Conference+of+the+North+American+Chapter+of+the+Ass)
10. Avia Efrat, Or Honovich, and Omer Levy. 2023. LMentry: A language model benchmark of elementary language tasks. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023, pages 10476–10501, Toronto, Canada. Association for Computational Linguistics. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Avia+Efrat%2C+Or+Honovich%2C+and+Omer+Levy%2E+2023%2E+LMentry%3A+A+language+model+benchmark+of+elementary+language+tasks%2E+In+Findings+of+the+Association+for+Computational+Linguistics%3A+ACL+2023%2C+pages+10476%E2%80%931050)
11. Maryanne Garry, Way Ming Chan, Jeffrey Foster, and Linda A Henkel. 2024. Large language models (llms) and the institutionalization of misinformation. Trends in cognigarry2024largetive sciences. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Maryanne+Garry%2C+Way+Ming+Chan%2C+Jeffrey+Foster%2C+and+Linda+A+Henkel%2E+2024%2E+Large+language+models+%28llms%29+and+the+institutionalization+of+misinformation%2E+Trends+in+cognigarry2024largetive+sciences%2E)
12. Reshmi Gopalakrishna Pillai, Antske Fokkens, and Wouter van Atteveldt. 2025. Engagement-driven persona prompting for rewriting news tweets. In Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Computational Linguistics, pages 8612–8622, Abu Dhabi, UAE. Association for Computational Linguistics. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Reshmi+Gopalakrishna+Pillai%2C+Antske+Fokkens%2C+and+Wouter+van+Atteveldt%2E+2025%2E+Engagement%2Ddriven+persona+prompting+for+rewriting+news+tweets%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+31st+International+Conference+on+Compu)
13. Aaron Grattafiori, Abhimanyu Dubey, Abhinav Jauhri, Abhinav Pandey, Abhishek Kadian, Ahmad Al-Dahle, Aiesha Letman, Akhil Mathur, Alan Schelten, Alex Vaughan, Amy Yang, Angela Fan, Anirudh Goyal, Anthony Hartshorn, Aobo Yang, Archi Mitra, Archie Sravankumar, Artem Korenev, Arthur Hinsvark, Arun Rao,… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Aaron+Grattafiori%2C+Abhimanyu+Dubey%2C+Abhinav+Jauhri%2C+Abhinav+Pandey%2C+Abhishek+Kadian%2C+Ahmad+Al%2DDahle%2C+Aiesha+Letman%2C+Akhil+Mathur%2C+Alan+Schelten%2C+Alex+Vaughan%2C+Amy+Yang%2C+Angela+Fan%2C+Anirudh+Goyal%2C+Anth)
14. Matthew Honnibal, Ines Montani, Sofie Van Lan-deghem, and Adriane Boyd. 2020. spaCy: Industrial-strength Natural Language Processing in Python. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Matthew+Honnibal%2C+Ines+Montani%2C+Sofie+Van+Lan%2Ddeghem%2C+and+Adriane+Boyd%2E+2020%2E+spaCy%3A+Industrial%2Dstrength+Natural+Language+Processing+in+Python%2E)
15. Albert Q. Jiang, Alexandre Sablayrolles, Arthur Mensch, Chris Bamford, Devendra Singh Chaplot, Diego de las Casas, Florian Bressand, Gianna Lengyel, Guillaume Lample, Lucile Saulnier, Lélio Renard Lavaud, Marie-Anne Lachaux, Pierre Stock, Teven Le Scao, Thibaut Lavril, Thomas Wang, Timothée Lacroix,… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Albert+Q%2E+Jiang%2C+Alexandre+Sablayrolles%2C+Arthur+Mensch%2C+Chris+Bamford%2C+Devendra+Singh+Chaplot%2C+Diego+de+las+Casas%2C+Florian+Bressand%2C+Gianna+Lengyel%2C+Guillaume+Lample%2C+Lucile+Saulnier%2C+L%C3%A9lio+Renard+Lav)
16. Albert Q. Jiang, Alexandre Sablayrolles, Antoine Roux, Arthur Mensch, Blanche Savary, Chris Bamford, Devendra Singh Chaplot, Diego de las Casas, Emma Bou Hanna, Florian Bressand, Gianna Lengyel, Guillaume Bour, Guillaume Lample, Lélio Renard Lavaud, Lucile Saulnier, Marie-Anne Lachaux, Pierre Stock,… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Albert+Q%2E+Jiang%2C+Alexandre+Sablayrolles%2C+Antoine+Roux%2C+Arthur+Mensch%2C+Blanche+Savary%2C+Chris+Bamford%2C+Devendra+Singh+Chaplot%2C+Diego+de+las+Casas%2C+Emma+Bou+Hanna%2C+Florian+Bressand%2C+Gianna+Lengyel%2C+Guill)
17. Aixin Liu, Bei Feng, Bing Xue, Bingxuan Wang, Bochao Wu, Chengda Lu, Chenggang Zhao, Chengqi Deng, Chenyu Zhang, Chong Ruan, et al. 2024. Deepseek-v3 technical report. arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.19437. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Aixin+Liu%2C+Bei+Feng%2C+Bing+Xue%2C+Bingxuan+Wang%2C+Bochao+Wu%2C+Chengda+Lu%2C+Chenggang+Zhao%2C+Chengqi+Deng%2C+Chenyu+Zhang%2C+Chong+Ruan%2C+et+al%2E+2024%2E+Deepseek%2Dv3+technical+report%2E+arXiv+preprint+arXiv%3A2412%2E19437%2E)
18. Arle Richard Lommel, Aljoscha Burchardt, and Hans Uszkoreit. 2013. Multidimensional quality metrics: a flexible system for assessing translation quality. In Proceedings of Translating and the Computer 35, London, UK. Aslib. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Arle+Richard+Lommel%2C+Aljoscha+Burchardt%2C+and+Hans+Uszkoreit%2E+2013%2E+Multidimensional+quality+metrics%3A+a+flexible+system+for+assessing+translation+quality%2E+In+Proceedings+of+Translating+and+the+Computer) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/lommel-2013-multidimensional-quality-metrics-flexible-system/)
19. Bernhard Lutz, Marc Adam, Stefan Feuerriegel, Nicolas Pröllochs, and Dirk Neumann. 2024. Which linguistic cues make people fall for fake news? a comparison of cognitive and affective processing. Proc. ACM Hum. Comput. Interact., 8(CSCW1):1–22. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Bernhard+Lutz%2C+Marc+Adam%2C+Stefan+Feuerriegel%2C+Nicolas+Pr%C3%B6llochs%2C+and+Dirk+Neumann%2E+2024%2E+Which+linguistic+cues+make+people+fall+for+fake+news%3F+a+comparison+of+cognitive+and+affective+processing%2E+Proc%2E)
20. Colin M MacLeod and Kristina E Kampe. 1996. Word frequency effects on recall, recognition, and word fragment completion tests. Journal of experimental psychology: Learning, memory, and cognition, 22(1):132. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Colin+M+MacLeod+and+Kristina+E+Kampe%2E+1996%2E+Word+frequency+effects+on+recall%2C+recognition%2C+and+word+fragment+completion+tests%2E+Journal+of+experimental+psychology%3A+Learning%2C+memory%2C+and+cognition%2C+22%281)
21. Sourabrata Mukherjee, Atul Kr. Ojha, and Ondrej Dusek. 2024. Are large language models actually good at text style transfer? In Proceedings of the 17th International Natural Language Generation Conference, pages 523–539, Tokyo, Japan. Association for Computational Linguistics. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Sourabrata+Mukherjee%2C+Atul+Kr%2E+Ojha%2C+and+Ondrej+Dusek%2E+2024%2E+Are+large+language+models+actually+good+at+text+style+transfer%3F+In+Proceedings+of+the+17th+International+Natural+Language+Generation+Confer)
22. Kunwoo Park, Haewoon Kwak, Jisun An, and Sanjay Chawla. 2021. How-to present news on social media: A causal analysis of editing news headlines for boosting user engagement. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, volume 15, pages 491–502. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kunwoo+Park%2C+Haewoon+Kwak%2C+Jisun+An%2C+and+Sanjay+Chawla%2E+2021%2E+How%2Dto+present+news+on+social+media%3A+A+causal+analysis+of+editing+news+headlines+for+boosting+user+engagement%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+Inter)
23. Gordon Pennycook, Tyrone D Cannon, and David G Rand. 2018. Prior exposure increases perceived accuracy of fake news. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen., 147(12):1865–1880. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Gordon+Pennycook%2C+Tyrone+D+Cannon%2C+and+David+G+Rand%2E+2018%2E+Prior+exposure+increases+perceived+accuracy+of+fake+news%2E+J%2E+Exp%2E+Psychol%2E+Gen%2E%2C+147%2812%29%3A1865%E2%80%931880%2E)
24. Gordon Pennycook and David G Rand. 2021. The psychology of fake news. Trends in cognitive sciences, 25(5):388–402. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Gordon+Pennycook+and+David+G+Rand%2E+2021%2E+The+psychology+of+fake+news%2E+Trends+in+cognitive+sciences%2C+25%285%29%3A388%E2%80%93402%2E)
25. Tori Peña, Raeya Maswood, Melissa Chen, and Suparna Rajaram. 2023. Memory for tweets versus headlines: Does message consistency matter? Appl. Cogn. Psychol., 37(4):768–784. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Tori+Pe%C3%B1a%2C+Raeya+Maswood%2C+Melissa+Chen%2C+and+Suparna+Rajaram%2E+2023%2E+Memory+for+tweets+versus+headlines%3A+Does+message+consistency+matter%3F+Appl%2E+Cogn%2E+Psychol%2E%2C+37%284%29%3A768%E2%80%93784%2E)
26. Vipul Raheja, Dhruv Kumar, Ryan Koo, and Dongyeop Kang. 2023. CoEdIT: Text editing by task-specific instruction tuning. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2023, pages 5274–5291, Singapore. Association for Computational Linguistics. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Vipul+Raheja%2C+Dhruv+Kumar%2C+Ryan+Koo%2C+and+Dongyeop+Kang%2E+2023%2E+CoEdIT%3A+Text+editing+by+task%2Dspecific+instruction+tuning%2E+In+Findings+of+the+Association+for+Computational+Linguistics%3A+EMNLP+2023%2C+pages+)
27. Nils Reimers and Iryna Gurevych. 2019. Sentence-BERT: Sentence embeddings using Siamese BERT-networks. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP), pages 3982–3992,… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Nils+Reimers+and+Iryna+Gurevych%2E+2019%2E+Sentence%2DBERT%3A+Sentence+embeddings+using+Siamese+BERT%2Dnetworks%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+2019+Conference+on+Empirical+Methods+in+Natural+Language+Processing+and+the)
28. Giovanni Spitale, Nikola Biller-Andorno, and Federico Germani. 2023. Ai model gpt-3 (dis)informs us better than humans. Science Advances, 9(26):eadh1850. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Giovanni+Spitale%2C+Nikola+Biller%2DAndorno%2C+and+Federico+Germani%2E+2023%2E+Ai+model+gpt%2D3+%28dis%29informs+us+better+than+humans%2E+Science+Advances%2C+9%2826%29%3Aeadh1850%2E)
29. Ivan Srba, Olesya Razuvayevskaya, João A Leite, Robert Moro, Ipek Baris Schlicht, Sara Tonelli, Francisco Moreno García, Santiago Barrio Lottmann, Denis Teyssou, Valentin Porcellini, Carolina Scarton, Kalina Bontcheva, and Maria Bielikova. 2024. A survey on automatic credibility assessment of textua… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ivan+Srba%2C+Olesya+Razuvayevskaya%2C+Jo%C3%A3o+A+Leite%2C+Robert+Moro%2C+Ipek+Baris+Schlicht%2C+Sara+Tonelli%2C+Francisco+Moreno+Garc%C3%ADa%2C+Santiago+Barrio+Lottmann%2C+Denis+Teyssou%2C+Valentin+Porcellini%2C+Carolina+Scarton%2C)
30. Cynthia S Symons and Blair T Johnson. 1997. The self-reference effect in memory: a meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 121(3):371. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Cynthia+S+Symons+and+Blair+T+Johnson%2E+1997%2E+The+self%2Dreference+effect+in+memory%3A+a+meta%2Danalysis%2E+Psychological+bulletin%2C+121%283%29%3A371%2E)
31. Qwen Team. 2025. Qwen3 technical report. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Qwen+Team%2E+2025%2E+Qwen3+technical+report%2E)
32. Nafis Irtiza Tripto, Saranya Venkatraman, Dominik Macko, Robert Moro, Ivan Srba, Adaku Uchendu, Thai Le, and Dongwon Lee. 2024. A ship of theseus: Curious cases of paraphrasing in LLM-generated texts. In Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Nafis+Irtiza+Tripto%2C+Saranya+Venkatraman%2C+Dominik+Macko%2C+Robert+Moro%2C+Ivan+Srba%2C+Adaku+Uchendu%2C+Thai+Le%2C+and+Dongwon+Lee%2E+2024%2E+A+ship+of+theseus%3A+Curious+cases+of+paraphrasing+in+LLM%2Dgenerated+texts%2E)
33. Nash Unsworth and Gene A Brewer. 2009. Examining the relationships among item recognition, source recognition, and recall from an individual differences perspective. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35(6):1578. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Nash+Unsworth+and+Gene+A+Brewer%2E+2009%2E+Examining+the+relationships+among+item+recognition%2C+source+recognition%2C+and+recall+from+an+individual+differences+perspective%2E+Journal+of+Experimental+Psychology)
34. Valentina Vellani, Sarah Zheng, Dilay Ercelik, and Tali Sharot. 2023. The illusory truth effect leads to the spread of misinformation. Cognition, 236(105421):105421. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Valentina+Vellani%2C+Sarah+Zheng%2C+Dilay+Ercelik%2C+and+Tali+Sharot%2E+2023%2E+The+illusory+truth+effect+leads+to+the+spread+of+misinformation%2E+Cognition%2C+236%28105421%29%3A105421%2E)
35. Jason Wei, Yi Tay, Rishi Bommasani, Colin Raffel, Barret Zoph, Sebastian Borgeaud, Dani Yogatama, Maarten Bosma, Denny Zhou, Donald Metzler, Ed H. Chi, Tatsunori Hashimoto, Oriol Vinyals, Percy Liang, Jeff Dean, and William Fedus. 2022. Emergent abilities of large language models. Transactions on Ma… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jason+Wei%2C+Yi+Tay%2C+Rishi+Bommasani%2C+Colin+Raffel%2C+Barret+Zoph%2C+Sebastian+Borgeaud%2C+Dani+Yogatama%2C+Maarten+Bosma%2C+Denny+Zhou%2C+Donald+Metzler%2C+Ed+H%2E+Chi%2C+Tatsunori+Hashimoto%2C+Oriol+Vinyals%2C+Percy+Liang%2C) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/wei-2022-emergent-abilities-large-language-models/)
36. Jules White, Quchen Fu, Sam Hays, Michael Sandborn, Carlos Olea, Henry Gilbert, Ashraf Elnashar, Jesse Spencer-Smith, and Douglas C Schmidt. 2023. A prompt pattern catalog to enhance prompt engineering with chatgpt. In Proceedings of the 30th Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs, pages 1–31. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jules+White%2C+Quchen+Fu%2C+Sam+Hays%2C+Michael+Sandborn%2C+Carlos+Olea%2C+Henry+Gilbert%2C+Ashraf+Elnashar%2C+Jesse+Spencer%2DSmith%2C+and+Douglas+C+Schmidt%2E+2023%2E+A+prompt+pattern+catalog+to+enhance+prompt+engineerin) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/white-2023-prompt-pattern-catalog-enhance-prompt/)
37. Yidan Zhang and Zhenan He. 2024. Large language models can not perform well in understanding and manipulating natural language at both character and word levels? In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024, pages 11826–11842, Miami, Florida, USA. Association for Computat… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Yidan+Zhang+and+Zhenan+He%2E+2024%2E+Large+language+models+can+not+perform+well+in+understanding+and+manipulating+natural+language+at+both+character+and+word+levels%3F+In+Findings+of+the+Association+for+Com)