---
title: "Coreference Annotation Scheme and Relation — Mujadia 2016"
description: "Coreference-annotated resources for Indian languages are scarce, and schemes built for English handle Hindi's free word order poorly."
authors: ["Vandan Mujadia", "Palash Gupta", "Dipti Misra Sharma"]
year: 2016
venue: "Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'16)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/L16-1025/"
licence: "CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/mujadia-2016-coreference-annotation-scheme-relation-types/"
---
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# Coreference Annotation Scheme and Relation Types for Hindi

**Authors:** [Vandan Mujadia](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/vandan-mujadia/), Palash Gupta, [Dipti Misra Sharma](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/authors/dipti-misra-sharma/) · **Year:** 2016 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'16) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/L16-1025/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/L16-1025.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2574368718)

**Citations:** 4 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [5](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary

Coreference-annotated resources for Indian languages are scarce, and schemes built for English handle Hindi's free word order poorly. Earlier Hindi work (Dakwale et al., 2012) covered only some pronominal anaphors and worked at chunk level. It could not encode chains, relation types or multi-chain membership. The authors propose a token-level scheme in SSF with seven attributes. These record mention and chain indices, discontinuous spans, heads of mentions and modifiers, the chain head, and the link type between consecutive mentions of a chain. They also define a taxonomy of link types grouped into anaphoric, strong-identity, near-identity and weak-identity classes, such as Part-of and Function-value pair. This taxonomy is meant to help tasks like question answering and summarization. Consistency was assessed with Jaccard-based Krippendorff's alpha. A semi-automatic Coreference Annotation Tool (CAT) speeds up mention extraction, draft chain creation and head marking. Applying the scheme to roughly 9,000 sentences of the Hindi Dependency Treebank (HDTB) yields a rare Hindi coreference corpus with typed relations.

## Key points

- The scheme has 7 fields: cref, crefHead, acrefmod, crefmod, crefmodHead, crefType and crefChain-Head. A `MentionId%(0/1):chainId` template marks span ends, discontinuous mentions and chain membership.
- Relation types fall into 4 broad classes with 21 subtypes in total. Examples include Anaphora-C/RC/E/RE/T, apposition, abbreviation, Part-of, inferred and Function-value relations.
- Compared with Dakwale et al. (2012) and MUC, the scheme adds:
  - mentions smaller or larger than a chunk,
  - explicit chain indices,
  - typed relations between mentions,
  - multi-chain membership,
  - partial versus full membership in a chain.
- CAT supports annotators in several ways:
  - It proposes initial chains using string-match, dictionary and dependency rules.
  - It warns about doubtful links using a DBpedia-derived dictionary.
  - It marks heads automatically, relying on Hindi being head-final.
- The annotated HDTB portion covers 600 news documents, about 9,000 sentences and about 90,000 tokens. Mentions include:
  - 3,000 definite noun sequences
  - 1,677 indefinite noun sequences
  - 1,200 personal pronouns
  - 787 reflexive pronouns
  - 546 locative pronouns
  - 500 verb-nominal sequences
  - 345 relative pronouns

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Coreference resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/topics/coreference-resolution/)

## Cited by

Cited by

5 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 3 of them have a page here, 2 not yet.

- [Multilingual Coreference Resolution in Low-resource South Asian Languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/mishra-2024-multilingual-coreference-resolution-low-resource/)
- [Findings of the Fourth Shared Task on Multilingual Coreference Resolution: Can LLMs Dethrone Traditional Approaches?](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/novak-2025-findings-fourth-shared-task-multilingual/)
- [Findings of the Fifth Shared Task on Multilingual Coreference Resolution: Expanding Datasets for Long-Range Entities](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/novak-2026-findings-fifth-shared-task-multilingual/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{mujadia2016coreference,
  title = {{Coreference Annotation Scheme and Relation Types for Hindi}},
  author = {Mujadia, Vandan and Gupta, Palash and Sharma, Dipti Misra},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'16)},
  year = {2016},
  doi = {10.63317/4gr7ikx4kwie},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.63317/4gr7ikx4kwie}
}
```

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