---
title: "Towards Reliable AI Fairness — Garrido-Munoz 2026"
description: "The paper tests whether steering internal features is a dependable way to reduce gender bias in LLMs, focusing on profession stereotypes such as doctor…"
authors: ["Ismael Garrido-Munoz", "Arturo Montejo-Raez", "Fernando Martínez-Santiago"]
year: 2026
venue: "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2026.lrec-1.306/"
doi: "10.63317/2iexsnkqn3j6"
licence: "CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/papers/munoz-2026-reliable-ai-fairness-challenges-steering/"
---
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# Towards Reliable AI Fairness: Challenges in Steering Features within Bias-Implicated Neurons

**Authors:** Ismael Garrido-Munoz, Arturo Montejo-Raez, Fernando Martínez-Santiago · **Year:** 2026 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Fifteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2026.lrec-1.306/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2026.lrec-1.306.pdf) · [DOI 10.63317/2iexsnkqn3j6](https://doi.org/10.63317/2iexsnkqn3j6) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W7160207592)

**Citations:** 0 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14)

## Summary
The paper tests whether steering internal features is a dependable way to reduce gender bias in LLMs, focusing on profession stereotypes such as doctor as male and nurse as female. The authors use gemma-2-2b and the transcoder released with GemmaScope, accessed through the Neuronpedia API. They build attribution graphs for many male- and female-context prompts and average each feature's attribution per gender. Four alternative scoring strategies then rank features to form a "global bias circuit." At inference time, a corrective vector is added to these features, with no retraining. The method is tested in four setups of increasing realism: naturalistic profession sentences, stereotypical adjectives, templated doctor/nurse prompts, and real-world doctor/nurse sentences. Steering works only within narrow parameter ranges. Stronger pushes can backfire, small parameter changes cause abrupt failure, and realistic inputs yield chaotic or incoherent text. The choice of scoring strategy barely matters, so the brittleness seems built into the steering mechanism itself. This argues for more robust, adaptive control methods before such techniques are used for fairness in practice.

## Key points
- Model and tools: gemma-2-2b (English only), the GemmaScope transcoder and public Sparse Autoencoders, and the Neuronpedia API. The analysis depends on the model-specific transcoder, which is not yet available for models like gemma-9b.
- Features are scored from mean attributions in male vs. female contexts (ā male, ā female). Four scoring strategies were compared, and they differed significantly only under extreme, unrealistic steering intensity.
- The paper describes three failure modes. Excessive strength made bias more persistent (Adjective Bias). In the templated setting, a small parameter change flipped a well-tuned intervention from correction to mere suppression, which the authors call "non-monotonic collapse" (Focused Context). Realistic sentences produced incoherent outputs (Realistic Context).
- Proposed future work includes other models, morphologically gendered languages such as Spanish, intervening directly on monosemantic SAE features, and steering whose strength adapts to context.
- Code, generated data, and the sentence dataset are released on GitHub, along with a live viewer for the results.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/shelves/linguistics/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{garridomunoz2026reliable,
  title = {{Towards Reliable AI Fairness: Challenges in Steering Features within Bias-Implicated Neurons}},
  author = {Garrido-Munoz, Ismael and Montejo-Raez, Arturo and Martínez-Santiago, Fernando},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.63317/2iexsnkqn3j6},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.63317/2iexsnkqn3j6}
}
```

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35. Adly Templeton, Tom Conerly, Jonathan Marcus, Jack Lindsey, Trenton Bricken, Brian Chen, Adam Pearce, Craig Citro, Emmanuel Ameisen, Andy Jones, Hoagy Cunningham, Nicholas L Turner, Callum McDougall, Monte MacDiarmid, Alex Tamkin, Esin Durmus, Tristan Hume, Francesco Mosconi, C Daniel Freeman, Theod… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Adly+Templeton%2C+Tom+Conerly%2C+Jonathan+Marcus%2C+Jack+Lindsey%2C+Trenton+Bricken%2C+Brian+Chen%2C+Adam+Pearce%2C+Craig+Citro%2C+Emmanuel+Ameisen%2C+Andy+Jones%2C+Hoagy+Cunningham%2C+Nicholas+L+Turner%2C+Callum+McDougall%2C+)
36. Alexander Matt Turner, Lisa Thiergart, Gavin Leech, David S. Udell, Juan J. Vazquez, Ulisse Mini, and Monte Stuart MacDiarmid. 2023. Steering language models with activation engineering. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Alexander+Matt+Turner%2C+Lisa+Thiergart%2C+Gavin+Leech%2C+David+S%2E+Udell%2C+Juan+J%2E+Vazquez%2C+Ulisse+Mini%2C+and+Monte+Stuart+MacDiarmid%2E+2023%2E+Steering+language+models+with+activation+engineering%2E) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/turner-2023-steering-language-models-activation-engineering/)
37. Jan Wehner, Sahar Abdelnabi, Daniel Tan, David Krueger, and Mario Fritz. 2025. Taxonomy, opportunities, and challenges of representation engineering for large language models. ArXiv, abs/2502.19649. — [arXiv:2502.19649](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.19649) [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jan+Wehner%2C+Sahar+Abdelnabi%2C+Daniel+Tan%2C+David+Krueger%2C+and+Mario+Fritz%2E+2025%2E+Taxonomy%2C+opportunities%2C+and+challenges+of+representation+engineering+for+large+language+models%2E+ArXiv%2C+abs%2F2502%2E19649%2E+%E2%80%94)
38. Xin Xu, Wei Xu, Ningyu Zhang, and Julian McAuley. 2025. Biasedit: Debiasing stereotyped language models via model editing. ArXiv, abs/2503.08588. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Xin+Xu%2C+Wei+Xu%2C+Ningyu+Zhang%2C+and+Julian+McAuley%2E+2025%2E+Biasedit%3A+Debiasing+stereotyped+language+models+via+model+editing%2E+ArXiv%2C+abs%2F2503%2E08588%2E)
39. Andy Zou, Long Phan, Sarah Chen, James Campbell, Phillip Guo, Richard Ren, Alexander Pan, Xuwang Yin, Mantas Mazeika, Ann-Kathrin Dombrowski, Shashwat Goel, Nathaniel Li, Michael J. Byun, Zifan Wang, Alex Troy Mallen, Steven Basart, Sanmi Koyejo, Dawn Song, Matt Fredrikson, Zico Kolter, and Dan Hend… [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Andy+Zou%2C+Long+Phan%2C+Sarah+Chen%2C+James+Campbell%2C+Phillip+Guo%2C+Richard+Ren%2C+Alexander+Pan%2C+Xuwang+Yin%2C+Mantas+Mazeika%2C+Ann%2DKathrin+Dombrowski%2C+Shashwat+Goel%2C+Nathaniel+Li%2C+Michael+J%2E+Byun%2C+Zifan+Wang%2C+) [our card](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/papers/zou-2023-representation-engineering-top-down-approach/)